The samples returned by the Chang'e-6 mission from the far side of the Moon reveal that the two hemispheres have had rather different experiences when it comes to space weather.

Elizabethan England’s Golden Age Was Built on Torture and State Terror Skip to content ← Back to the front page The Elizabethan era is celebrated for Shakespeare, Drake, and Gloriana — but Elizabeth I's...

On Fox News Sunday, Democratic Socialists of America co-chair Megan Romer clarified that, yes, the ultimate goal of the DSA is to abolish prisons and borders, defund the Pentagon, give mass amnesty to

Public DomainA 19th-century depiction of the impoverished Five Points neighborhood.In the mid-19th century, the Five Points neighborhood of Manhattan was perhaps the most dangerous place in New York City. In addition to a high rate of violent crime, the area was a cesspool for disease, and squalid living conditions further contributed to the poor health of residents.Five Points was built on the land that once held Collect Pond in Lower Manhattan, near present-day Chinatown. In 1811, the pond was filled in so a middle-class neighborhood could be constructed on the site, but poor drainage left the streets full of mud and mosquitoes. The wealthier families fled, leaving the neighborhood to those who couldnt afford to live elsewhere.When Irish immigrants began pouring into the city in the 1800s, many of them found themselves living in crowded tenements in Five Points. To further their interests and protect themselves from those who opposed immigration, they formed street gangs. The most infamous was the Dead Rabbits, who had a heated rivalry with the nativist Bowery Boys that often erupted into violence.This violence ultimately spelled the end for the neighborhood. By the end of the century, it had all but vanished due to redevelopment and city initiatives to clear out crime-ridden areas. Walking through the streets that once made up Five Points today, you would never know that it was once New York Citys most notorious slum.The Emergence Of The Five Points Neighborhood In New York CityAs settlers first arrived in New York City in the 1600s, the main source of fresh drinking water was Collect Pond, which was centered on what is today the intersection of Leonard Street and Centre Street. By the early 19th century, businesses had sprung up around the pond, severely polluting it.Public DomainPainter Archibald Robertsons 1798 depiction of Collect Pond in Lower Manhattan.So, around 1811, Pierre Charles LEnfant the same engineer who designed Washington, D.C. suggested that the city fill in the pond to create more room for housing. The first neighborhoods that were constructed in the area consisted mostly of middle-class homes, but these residents soon fled as it became evident that the project was plagued by drainage issues. Mud and feces filled the streets, and mosquitoes thrived in the damp conditions.As wealthier families left, the abandoned houses were left to people who couldnt afford to live anywhere else mostly newly emancipated Black Americans and immigrants who had just arrived from Ireland. Many buildings were transformed into tenements, which quickly became overcrowded. By 1850, each small apartment held an average of six people.This mix of nationalities led to a unique blend of cultures. For instance, the combination of West African rhythms and Irish jigs led to the emergence of tap dance. However, it also led to strife that often turned violent. This tension was heightened by anti-immigrant New Yorkers who hated the Irish, Catholics, and anyone who wasnt a born-and-bred native.Its been said that Five Points had the highest murder rate of any slum in the world. And one urban legend claimed that the neighborhoods most infamous tenement, the Old Brewery, saw at least one murder per night for 15 years straight between 1837 and 1852.Public DomainThe Bowery Boys were involved in frequent brawls with the Dead Rabbits in the streets of Five Points.In order to protect themselves, Irish immigrants banded together to form street gangs. The most well-known was the Dead Rabbits, whose greatest enemies were the Bowery Boys a local nativist gang led by William Bill the Butcher Poole with members who lived in the adjoining Bowery neighborhood. This rivalry was so historic that it inspired the 2002 Martin Scorsese film Gangs of New York.But violence wasnt all that Five Points was known for.The Squalid Conditions Of Manhattans Most Notorious SlumAs the 19th century progressed, even more immigrants flooded into New York. Many were from Italy, including Adolfo Rossi, a journalist who moved to the city to document the lives of his fellow Italians. He served as the editor of the daily newspaper Il Progreso Italo-Americano.In the 1880s, he described life in the Five Points neighborhood of Manhattan in the paper:The vast majority of our compatriots, comprised of the wretched class from the southern provinces, live in the dirtiest neighborhood in the city, called the Five Points. It is an agglomeration of repulsive, dilapidated, black houses where people are piled on top of each other worse than beasts. Large families live in only one room: men, women, dogs, cats, and monkeys eat and sleep together in the same cubbyhole without air or light.This high population density, combined with the general filth on the streets, allowed diseases to spread rapidly through the neighborhood. Cholera, tuberculosis, malaria, and typhus were common, and childhood mortality rates were high.The 1832 cholera epidemic that swept through New York City devastated Five Points. Many residents outside of the neighborhood reportedly blamed the inhabitants for the disease, claiming that theyd brought it upon themselves due to their sin and debauchery.Library of CongressAn 1873 drawing from Frank Leslies Illustrated Newspaper titled Among the Poor A Summer Evening Scene at the Five Points.New York City officials eventually had enough of the murder, prostitution, and crime that plagued Five Points and they started making plans to destroy the problems at the source.The Fall Of Five PointsNew Yorkers were petitioning to have Five Points destroyed as early as the 1820s. In 1829, merchants in the neighborhood which was bordered by Centre Street, the Bowery, Canal Street, and Park Row asked the city to widen the streets that ran through it, demolishing the bulk of the slum in the process.Public DomainBandits Roost in Mulberry Bend, the heart of Five Points tenement slums.In the petition, the merchants stated, That the place known as Five Points has long been notorious as being the nursery where every species of vice is conceived and matured; that it is infested by a class of the most abandoned and desperate character.They further noted that residents of the slum may be enticed from the path of rectitude, by being familiarized with vice; and thus advancing step by step, be at last swallowed up in this sink of pollution, this vortex of irremediable infamy.These efforts were renewed in 1890, when Jacob Riis published How the Other Half Lives. His book exposed the realities of life in the Five Points neighborhood, and public leaders were spurred to action.Public DomainJacob Riis famous photo of a crowded tenement on Bayard Street, where lodgers paid five cents for a place to sleep.Some of the worst parts of the slum were razed, and the dens of death were replaced by a public park (now known as Columbus Park). Other sections of the neighborhood were revitalized, a project led in part by Christian charities one of which purchased the Old Brewery and turned it into a mission house.By the dawn of the 20th century, Five Points had all but vanished. Today, the area is encompassed by Chinatown and Lower Manhattans Civic Center neighborhood. Tenements and crime-ridden saloons have been replaced by government buildings, souvenir shops, and expensive apartments a far cry from the modern Sodom that the area was once considered.After reading about the history of New Yorks Five Points neighborhood, learn about the Five Families that ruled the New York City Mafia. Then, look through these photos of New York City slums at the turn of the 20th century. The post How Five Points Became The Most Infamous Slum In The History Of New York City appeared first on All That's Interesting.

Public DomainA newly-found memo details a British plan to release toxic fumes against U.S. fleets during the War of 1812.A memo that was recently found in the National Archives of Scotland revealed that Britain had planned a chemical weapons attack on American ships during the War of 1812.The 23-page document states that Royal Navy commander Thomas Cochrane came up with the idea to deploy toxic sulfur fumes against fleets of U.S. ships. If the plan had come to fruition, it may have been the first chemical weapons attack in history.The British Plan To Carry Out A Chemical Weapons Attack Against American Ships During The War Of 1812The document was discovered by historian Peter Moore, who is working on a biography of Cochrane. The memo was written by Cochranes secretary in 1844, and displays handwritten annotations by Cochrane himself.Public DomainThe plan was devised by Royal Navy commander Thomas Cochrane.Cochrane made his name during the Napoleonic Wars due to his bold naval operations and his skill at developing experimental weapons.During the War of 1812, he devised a plan to load British ships with sulfur and various flammable materials, then send them into the heart of an American fleet and set them ablaze, resulting in toxic fumes that would smother and cripple the enemy.The fumes were meant to drive away or debilitate enemy forces, and Cochrane believed that this tactic would help the British overtake forts that would have otherwise been challenging to capture.Cochrane thought of the plan after visiting Sicily in 1811 and noticing the toxic gases that resulted from sulfur mining. He presented the plan to a secret group of military officials, including the Duke of York and the Prince Regent, who later became King George IV.Public DomainBritish forces managed to capture Washington, D.C. and burn the White House, but suffered major losses in New Orleans.The committee was highly supportive of the plan, but was concerned that once they used this approach, enemy forces would use it back on them. As a result, Cochrane was told to keep the mission secret.When Cochranes uncle, Vice-Admiral Alexander Cochrane, was appointed commander-in-chief of the British navy operating in North America, Thomas Cochrane was chosen to be his flag captain and was expected to command the HMS Tonnant.In the memo, Cochrane indicated that his uncle intended to call for the chemical attack if necessary, although the exact target was not identified. According to the document, New York, Baltimore, or New Orleans might have been the targets had they gone through with it.How This Memo Contributes To Our Understanding Of Military HistoryIn the end, the plan fell apart before Cochrane could leave for his mission. In 1814, he was convicted in a London Stock Exchange fraud scheme in which a hoax was spread that Napoleon died, leading to a sharp rise in share prices.Public DomainA political cartoon showing Cochrane as both a naval commander and a disgraced civilian after his fraud conviction.After his conviction, Cochrane was kicked out of parliament and removed from naval service in North America. Still, Cochrane was influential in Chile and Brazil, helping to organize their revolutionary navies during their wars for independence in the 1820s. In 1832, Cochrane was pardoned in Britain, and he died in 1860 with the rank of Admiral of the Red and honorary Rear-Admiral of the United Kingdom.Although Britain managed to capture Washington, D.C. and burn the White House during the War of 1812, they faced a major defeat in New Orleans before the war ended in early 1815. Cochrane apparently believed that the war would have had a different outcome if his chemical weapons plans had been carried out.If chemical weapons had been used, this would have perhaps been the first attack of its kind in history. However, this needs qualification, as toxic smoke had been deployed before the 19th century.A study published by archaeologist Simon James in the American Journal of Archaeology details how, circa 256 C.E., in the ancient city of Dura-Europos, Sasanian Persian forces burned sulfur in a siege tunnel to incapacitate Roman soldiers.While Cochranes plan may not have been humanitys first deployment of toxic gas during combat, it would have been the first naval gas attack on a large scale in the modern era but he simply never got the chance to make history.After reading about the memo that details Britains planned chemical attack on the U.S. during the War of 1812, learn about Jean Lafitte, the French pirate king who helped defend New Orleans in the War of 1812. Then, discover the story of Edgewood Arsenal, the U.S. militarys top-secret human experiment program during the Cold War.The post An Historian Just Discovered A Secret Memo Detailing Britains Plans To Use Chemical Weapons During The War Of 1812 appeared first on All That's Interesting.

This Classic Cookout Side Belongs On Your Hot Dog...

Jay Clayton, DNI nominee, testifies during his confirmation hearing on Capitol Hill in Washington on July 15, 2026. Madalina Kilroy/The Epoch TimesThe U.S. Senate on Monday voted to advance Jay Claytons

As RedState reported, there was a mass shooting on Sunday at the Bite of Seattle food festival, where two people in the Seattle Center (near the Space Needle) were killed. Four others, including a 2-year-old

Screencap of Twitter/X video. Conservative historian and scholar Victor Davis Hanson recently went off on New York City Mayor Zohran Mamdani, reminding him that New York City doesnt belong to him.

U.S. President Donald Trump waves as he boards Air Force One at Joint Base Andrews, Md., on July 27, 2026. Brendan Smialowski/AFP via Getty ImagesPresident Donald Trump touted on Monday successes in the