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ALLTHATSINTERESTING.COMCzeslawa Kwoka Died At The Hands Of The Nazis, But The Power Of Her Auschwitz Portrait Lives OnThe Holocaust happened on a scale so massive that were virtually unable to fully comprehend its scope. Reading the words 6 million lives is certainly chilling (to say nothing of the millions of others killed), but it is a number so large that it becomes abstract. Its thus difficult to attach a human element to this great tragedy, to attach a face to every figure.Wikimedia CommonsCzeslawa Kwoka, photographed for Nazi records upon her arrival at Auschwitz and just after shed been beaten by a camp guard. Circa 1942-1943.Czeslawa Kwoka was one of the 116,000 Poles deported from their tiny villages in the wake of the German invasion in 1939. These villagers, mainly Catholic farmers, were ripped from their homes to make room for the Germans that the Nazis imagined would soon come to populate the area.Very little is known about Kwokas life before this moment. We do know that Czeslawa Kwoka was born in the small village of Wolka Zlojecka in southeastern Poland on August 15, 1928, and that she and her mother were deported from Zamosc, Poland to Auschwitz on December 13, 1942.But to the Nazis, Czeslawa Kwoka was just prisoner 26947. She was also a photo.Wikimedia CommonsA young Polish girl discovers the body of her sister, killed by a German bomb in 1939.Known for their ruthless efficiency, the Germans photographed and cataloged the prisoners who passed through the death camps for their records. In Kwokas photo, the fright emanating from her expression has transcended the black and white of the image and remains potent decades later. Her terror is palpable, conveying all of the horrors of the Holocaust without words or movement.The 14-year-old girl in this haunting photograph would be dead three months after the shutter snapped, one of the 230,000 children at Auschwitz where life expectancy was a few months at most.It is not known how she was killed, whether by hard labor, exhaustion, horrifying experiment, or any of the other countless methods of murder the Nazis had at their disposal.Wikimedia CommonsChild prisoners stand near the fence at Auschwitz. 1945.While we dont know exactly what came after the photo, we do know what had come just before, thanks to the recollection of photographer Wilhelm Brasse. A Polish man deported to Auschwitz by the Nazis, Brasse was forced to photograph between 40,000 and 50,000 prisoners at the camp, including Czeslawa Kwoka.He vividly remembered taking her photo, recalling how the terrified girl was ushered in with the others, unable to understand anything that was happening around her: So this woman Kapo (a prisoner overseer) took a stick and beat her about the face. This German woman was just taking out her anger on the girl. Such a beautiful young girl, so innocent. She cried but she could do nothing. Before the photograph was taken, the girl dried her tears and the blood from the cut on her lip. To tell you the truth, I felt as if I was being hit myself but I couldnt interfere. It would have been fatal for me. You could never say anything.The blood from the cut on Czeslawa Kwokas lip is still visible in the photograph that Brasse took.As camp photographer, Brasse was an eyewitness to all of Auschwitzs nightmarish horrors. He captured the raw fear on the prisoners faces and preserved it for eternity.Wikimedia CommonsAn elderly Hungarian women and three children march to the gas chambers at Auschwitz in 1944.Even after Brasse was sent to another concentration camp and finally liberated by American forces in 1945, he wrestled with the ghosts of the tens of thousands of victims he photographed for years to come. Eventually, he had to give up photography altogether.When I started taking pictures again, he explained, I saw the dead. I would be standing taking a photograph of a young girl for her portrait, but behind her I would see them like ghosts standing there. I saw all those big eyes, terrified, staring at me. I could not go on.These ghosts live on thanks to people like Brasse, who preserved the photos despite the Nazis best efforts to destroy them.Once they realized the war was lost, the Germans tried to get rid of all evidence of the things they had done, a measure that included the burning of victims identity cards. But Brasse and a few others managed to hide the negatives, preserving the faces to the victims that suffered these unimaginable abuses.Wikimedia CommonsA small sampling of the more than 40,000 Auschwitz prisoner photos taken by Wilhelm Brasse.The photograph of Czeslawa Kwoka was among those that Brasse managed to save. The frail, young face emblazoned with fear remains a poignant reminder of the all-consuming horrors of genocide and war, of all the lives that were extinguished before they had really begun.After this look at Czeslawa Kwoka and her powerful portrait from Auschwitz, see the most photos taken during the Holocaust. Then, discover the horrors of the largely overlooked genocide in Nazi-occupied Poland.The post Czeslawa Kwoka Died At The Hands Of The Nazis, But The Power Of Her Auschwitz Portrait Lives On appeared first on All That's Interesting.0 Комментарии 0 Поделились 7 Просмотры -
ALLTHATSINTERESTING.COMThe Story Of Mae Capone, Who Stood By Al Capone As Syphilis Destroyed His BrainBettmann/Contributor/Getty ImagesAl Capones wife, Mae Capone, tries to avoid photographers while visiting her husband in prison in December 1937.By all accounts, Mae Coughlins early life was much like that of any other hardworking Irish American in the early 1900s. The daughter of two immigrants, she was studious and ambitious as she began to make a life for herself. But her life would change forever when she met Al Capone.While much has been written about the legendary mobster, Al Capones wife has been largely relegated to the sidelines. But it was she who protected him from opportunistic journalists when he became gravely ill due to advanced syphilis in his 40s. It was also she who made sure the mob didnt worry about the former leaders deteriorating mental state.Though Mae Capone was an angelic figure in her husbands life, she was also complicit in his crimes. While she didnt wield a gun herself, Mae Capone was well aware of what her husband did for a living.During Al Capones rise from a low-ranking thug to a fearsome mob boss, Mae Capone was always by his side. And she never left, even when his syphilitic brain reduced his mental capacity to that of a 12-year-old.As Deirdre Bairs book Al Capone: His Life, Legacy, and Legend put it:Mae was a ferocious protector. The Outfit knew he was cloistered and that Mae wouldnt let him become a problem for them. And Mae knew all about the Outfit. She was one of those wives who made spaghetti for Al and the gang at 3 in the morning when they did business back when he was in charge. She must have heard everything.This is the little-known story of Mae Capone, Al Capones wife, his protector, and the one woman who surely did hear everything.Her Life Before Meeting Al CaponeWikimedia CommonsMae Capone was two years older than her husband, and was considered by some to be marrying down.Mary Mae Coughlin was born on April 11, 1897 in Brooklyn, New York. Her parents had emigrated from Ireland earlier that decade and started their family in America.After Mae Coughlins father died of a heart attack, the hardworking student left school at about age 16 to find a job at a box factory.When she first met Al Capone a few years later, he also worked at a box factory but he was already getting started on less legitimate side businesses with 1920s mobsters Johnny Torrio and Frankie Yale.Wikimedia CommonsBy the time Mae Coughlin met Al Capone, he was already mixed up in the world of organized crime in Brooklyn.Though a prudent Irishwoman from a religious Catholic family bringing home an Italian street punk was odd, their relationship was truly a love story.Mae Coughlin Falls For Capone And Decides To Marry DownAl Capone was about 18 when he first met Mae Coughlin, who was two years older than him (a fact she would go to great lengths to hide throughout her life).But despite his youth and mysterious side jobs, he thoroughly charmed his girlfriends family. Even when she became pregnant out of wedlock, she was allowed to live openly at home before they got hitched.Its unclear exactly how the couple first met, but some think they may have hit it off at a party in Carroll Gardens. Others speculate that Capones mother might have arranged their courtship.Wikimedia CommonsAl Capones son was partially deaf, just like him.For Capone, marrying an Irish Catholic woman who was more educated than him was a definite step up. Some viewed Coughlins decision to wed Capone as marrying down, but she found security and trust in him. After all, he made enough money to forward a good chunk of it to his mother.Though Al Capone bedded countless women, he genuinely fell for Coughlin. Shortly after the birth of their first and only child, the unconventional couple got married at St. Mary Star of the Sea in Brooklyn in 1918.Mae Capones Tumultuous Life As Al Capones WifeWikimedia CommonsThe Capone home in Chicago. 1929.By about 1920, Mae Capone had moved to Chicago with her husband and son, Albert Francis Sonny Capone. Like his father before him, Sonny lost some of his hearing early in his life.The gangster steadily rose in the ranks in the Windy City, but along the way he also contracted syphilis from a prostitute while working as a bouncer for mob boss James Big Jim Colosimo.Its still debated whether the couples lack of other children besides Sonny was due to Mae Capone contracting the disease from her husband or not.Capone would later experience severe cognitive decline due to his untreated disease. But before that happened, he built himself an empire in the underworld. After colluding with Torrio to murder Colosimo and take over his business, the newly-promoted thug began his rise as a top mob boss.Mae Capone was aware of his job, but it was his philandering that hurt her most. Dont do as your father did, she reportedly told Sonny. He broke my heart.Getty ImagesMae Capone successfully lobbied to get her husband out of prison early.Capone inherited the business in the late 1920s, after Torrio gave him the reins. From then on, it was a roaring rampage of bootlegging, bribing cops, and murdering the competition.Im just a businessman, giving the people what they want, hed say, as photos of Capone were splashed across newspapers nationwide. All I do is satisfy a public demand.In the end, however, Capone was ultimately nabbed for tax evasion on Oct. 17, 1931. After Capones net worth skyrocketed throughout Prohibition, federal agents led by Eliot Ness eventually discovered that they could put him away for not paying taxes on all that income.After he was sent away, Mae Capone visited her husband in prison, where his health started to visibly decline.News of his mysterious health issues made the papers, with an overwhelmed Mae being mobbed by press hounds when she arrived at at the penitentiary.Yes, he is going to get well, she reportedly said. He is suffering from dejection and a broken spirit, aggravated by intense nervousness.Mae Capone: Feorcious Protector Of An Ailing HusbandUllstein Bild/Getty ImagesThe former mob boss was reduced to a mentally deficient child in his final years with tantrums filling his days.Al Capone never improved. He had already begun to act strange behind bars, wearing winter clothes in his heated cell. After he was released early in 1939 for good behavior, he spent a short time seeking medical care in Baltimore before his family relocated to Palm Island, Florida.The mob had moved on and restructured. They were satisfied to have Capone retire, paying him $600 per week a pittance compared to his previous salary just to stay quiet.Before long, Capone began to have delusional chats with long-dead friends. He became Mae Capones full-time job, most of which entailed keeping him away from reporters, who were routinely trying to catch a glimpse of him.Ullstein Bild/Getty ImagesAl Capone spent his last years chatting with invisible houseguests and throwing tantrums.She knew that it was dangerous for him to go out in public, wrote author Deirdre Bair.This was particularly concerning, as anything that painted Capone as a blabbermouth could cause his old friends to silence him for good.But Mae Capone was protective of him to the end, explained Bair.She also made sure he got the best medical treatment. In fact, Capone was one of the first people to be treated with penicillin in the early 1940s, but by that point it was too late. His organs, including his brain, had begun to rot beyond repair. A sudden stroke in January 1947 allowed pneumonia to take hold in his body as his heart began to fail.Mae asked her parish priest, Monsignor Barry Williams, to administer her husbands last rites knowing what was to come. Ultimately, Al Capone died of cardiac arrest on Jan. 25, 1947 after a series of health complications.Mama Mae seemed to need our company, her granddaughters recalled. Its as if the house died when he did. Even though she lived to be eighty-nine something in her died when he did.She never ascended to the second floor of the house again, and chose to sleep in another bedroom. She covered the living room furniture with sheets and refused to serve any meals in the dining room. In the end, Mae Capone died on April 16, 1986, in a nursing home in Hollywood, Florida.After learning about Al Capones wife, Mae Capone, take a look at Al Capones prison cell. Then, learn about the short life of Frank Capone.The post The Story Of Mae Capone, Who Stood By Al Capone As Syphilis Destroyed His Brain appeared first on All That's Interesting.0 Комментарии 0 Поделились 7 Просмотры -
ALLTHATSINTERESTING.COMThe Story Of The Doomed Franklin Expedition And The Mummified Body Of John Torrington Left BehindBrian SpenceleyThe preserved body of John Torrington, one of the Franklin expedition mummies left behind after the crew was lost in the Canadian Arctic in 1845.In 1845, two ships carrying 134 men set sail from England in search of the Northwest Passage but they never returned.Now known as the lost Franklin expedition, this tragic journey ended in an Arctic shipwreck that left no survivors. Much of what remains are the Franklin expedition mummies, preserved for more than 140 years in the ice, belonging to crewmen like John Torrington. Ever since these bodies were first officially found in the 1980s, their frozen faces have evoked the terror of this doomed journey. History Uncovered Podcast Episode 3: The Lost Franklin Expedition And The Ice Mummies Left Behind More than a century after two British ships vanished during their quest to find the Northwest Passage, a series of icy corpses discovered on a remote Canadian island revealed the fate of the missing crews.Analysis of these frozen bodies also helped researchers discover the starvation, lead poisoning, and cannibalism that led to the crews demise. Furthermore, while John Torrington and the other Franklin expedition mummies were long the only remains of the voyage, new discoveries have since shed more light.The two ships of the Franklin expedition, the HMS Erebus and HMS Terror, were discovered in 2014 and 2016, respectively. In 2019, a Canadian archaeology teams drones even explored inside the wreck of the Terror for the first time ever, giving us yet another up-close look at the eerie remnants of this grisly tale.Brian SpenceleyThe hands of John Hartnell, one of the Franklin expedition bodies exhumed in 1986 and photographed by Hartnells own great-great nephew, Brian Spenceley.Though the fate of John Torrington and the Franklin expedition mummies has only recently become more clear, much of their story remains mysterious. But what we do know makes for a haunting tale of terror in the Arctic.Where Things Went Wrong With The Franklin ExpeditionThe unfortunate tale of John Torrington and the Franklin expedition begins with Sir John Franklin, an accomplished Arctic explorer and officer of the British Royal Navy. Having successfully completed three previous expeditions, two of which he commanded, Franklin set out once more to traverse the Arctic in 1845.In the early morning of May 19, 1845, John Torrington and 133 other men boarded the Erebus and the Terror and departed from Greenhithe, England. Outfitted with the most state-of-the-art tools needed to complete their journey, the iron-clad ships also came stocked with three years worth of provisions, including more than 32,289 pounds of preserved meat, 1,008 pounds of raisins, and 580 gallons of pickles.While we know about such preparations and we know that five men were discharged and sent home within the first three months, most of what happened next remains something of a mystery. After they were last seen by a passing ship in northeastern Canadas Baffin Bay in July, the Terror and the Erebus seemingly vanished into the fog of history.Wikimedia CommonsAn engraving of the HMS Terror, one of the two ships lost during the Franklin expedition.Most experts agree that both ships eventually became stranded in ice in the Arctic Oceans Victoria Strait, located between Victoria Island and King William Island in northern Canada. Subsequent discoveries helped researchers piece together a possible map and timeline detailing just where and when things went wrong before that point.Perhaps most importantly, in 1850, American and British searchers found three graves dating back to 1846 on an uninhabited speck of land west of Baffin Bay named Beechey Island. Though researchers wouldnt exhume these bodies for another 140 years, they would prove to be the remains of John Torrington and the other Franklin expedition mummies.Then, in 1854, Scottish explorer John Rae met Inuit residents of Pelly Bay who possessed items belonging to the Franklin expedition crew and informed Rae of the piles of human bones spotted around the area, many of which were cracked in half, sparking rumors that the Franklin expedition men likely resorted to cannibalism in their last days alive.Knife marks carved into skeletal remains found on King William Island in the 1980s and 1990s back up these claims, confirming that the explorers were driven to cracking the bones of their fallen comrades, who had likely died of starvation, before cooking them down to extract any marrow in a final attempt at survival.But the most chilling remains from the Franklin expedition came from a man whose body was actually stunningly well-preserved, with his bones even his skin very much intact.The Discovery Of John Torrington And The Franklin Expedition MummiesYouTubeThe frozen face of John Torrington peeks through the ice as researchers prepare to exhume the body some 140 years after he died during the Franklin expedition.Back in the mid-19th century, John Torrington surely had no idea that his name would eventually become famous. In fact, not much was known about the man at all until anthropologist Owen Beattie exhumed his mummified body on Beechey Island nearly 140 years after his death across several excursions in the 1980s.A hand-written plaque found nailed to the lid of John Torringtons coffin read that the man was just 20 years old when he died on Jan. 1, 1846. Five feet of permafrost buried and essentially cemented Torringtons tomb into the ground.Brian SpenceleyThe face of John Hartnell, one of the three Franklin expedition mummies exhumed during the 1986 mission to the Canadian Arctic.Fortunately for Beattie and his crew, this permafrost kept John Torrington perfectly preserved and ready to be examined for clues.Dressed in a gray cotton shirt adorned with buttons made of shell and linen trousers, the body of John Torrington was found lying on a bed of wood chips, his limbs tied together with strips of linen and his face covered with a thin sheet of fabric. Underneath his burial shroud, the details of Torringtons face remained intact, including a now milky-blue pair of eyes, still opened after 138 years.Brian SpenceleyThe crew of the 1986 exhumation mission used warm water to thaw out the frozen Franklin expedition mummies.His official autopsy report shows that he was clean-shaven with a mane of long brown hair which had since separated from his scalp. No signs of trauma, wounds or scars appeared on his body, and a marked disintegration of the brain into a granular yellow substance suggested that his body was kept warm immediately after death, likely by the men who would outlive him just long enough to ensure a proper burial.Standing at 54, the young man weighed only 88 pounds, likely due to the extreme malnutrition he suffered in his final days alive. Tissue and bone samples also revealed fatal levels of lead, likely due to a poorly canned food supply that surely affected all 129 of the Franklin expedition men on some level.Despite the full postmortem examination, medical experts have not identified an official cause of death, though they do speculate that pneumonia, starvation, exposure, or lead poisoning contributed to the death of Torrington as well as his crewmates.Wikimedia CommonsThe graves of John Torrington and shipmates on Beechey Island.After researchers exhumed and examined Torrington and the two other men buried beside him, John Hartnell and William Braine, they returned the bodies to their final resting place.When they exhumed John Hartnell in 1986, he was so well-preserved that skin still covered his exposed hands, his natural red highlights were still visible in his near-black hair, and his intact eyes were open enough to allow the team to meet the gaze of a man whod perished 140 years before.One team member who met Hartnells gaze was photographer Brian Spenceley, a descendant of Hartnells whod been recruited after a chance meeting with Beattie. Once the bodies were exhumed, Spenceley was able to look into the eyes of his great-great-uncle.To this day, the Franklin expedition mummies remain buried on Beechey Island, where they will continue to lie frozen in time.Recent Investigations Into The Fate Of John Torrington And The Franklin ExpeditionBrian SpenceleyThe preserved face of John Torrington some 140 years after he perished.Three decades after researchers found John Torrington, they finally found the two ships on which he and his crewmates had traveled.When the Erebus was discovered in 36 feet of water off King William Island in 2014, it had been 169 years since it set sail. Two years later, the Terror was discovered in a bay 45 miles away in 80 feet of water, in an astounding state after nearly 200 years underwater.The ship is amazingly intact, said archaeologist Ryan Harris. You look at it and find it hard to believe this is a 170-year-old shipwreck. You just dont see this kind of thing very often.Parks CanadaThe Parks Canada team of divers went on seven dives, during which they inserted remotely-operated underwater drones into the ship through various openings like hatches and windows.Then, in 2017, researchers reported that they had collected 39 tooth and bone samples from Franklin expedition members. From these samples, they were able to reconstruct 24 DNA profiles.They hoped to use this DNA to identify crew members from various burial sites, look for more precise causes of death, and piece together a more complete picture of what really happened. Meanwhile, a 2018 study provided evidence that contradicted long-held ideas that lead poisoning due to poor food storage helped explain some of the deaths, though some still believe lead poisoning to be a factor.Otherwise, big questions remain unanswered: Why were the two ships so far away from one another and how exactly did they sink? At least in the case of the Terror, there was no definitive evidence to explain how it sank.Theres no obvious reason for Terror to have sunk, said Harris. It wasnt crushed by ice, and theres no breach in the hull. Yet it appears to have sunk swiftly and suddenly and settled gently to the bottom. What happened?These questions have since left researchers looking for answers which is precisely what archaeologists did during a 2019 drone mission that went inside the Terror for the first time ever.The Discovery Of The HMS TerrorA guided tour of the HMS Terror by Parks Canada.The Terror was a state-of-the-art vessel and, according to Canadian Geographic, it was originally built to sail during the War of 1812, participating in several battles before its journey to the Arctic.Reinforced with thick iron plating to break through ice and designed to absorb and equally distribute impacts across its decks, the Terror was in top shape for the Franklin expedition. Unfortunately, this wasnt enough and the ship ultimately sank to the bottom of the ocean.Using remote-controlled underwater drones inserted into the ships hatchways and crew cabin skylights, the 2019 team went on seven dives and recorded a fascinating batch of footage showcasing how remarkably intact the Terror was nearly two centuries after it sank.Parks Canada, Underwater Archaeology TeamFound in the officers mess hall aboard the Terror, these glass bottles have remained in pristine condition for 174 years.Ultimately, to answer this question and others like it, theres much more research to be done. To be fair, the research has really only just begun. And with modern-day technology, its quite likely well find out more in the near future.One way or another, said Harris, I feel confident well get to the bottom of the story.But although we may uncover more secrets of the Terror and the Erebus, the stories of John Torrington and the other Franklin expedition mummies may be lost to history. We may never know what their final days on the ice were like, but well always have the haunting images of their frozen faces to give us a clue.After this look at John Torrington and the Franklin expedition mummies, learn about sunken ships way more interesting than the Titanic. Then, check out some astounding Titanic facts youve never heard before.The post The Story Of The Doomed Franklin Expedition And The Mummified Body Of John Torrington Left Behind appeared first on All That's Interesting.0 Комментарии 0 Поделились 7 Просмотры
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