Public DomainDouglas Kelley, the psychiatrist who interviewed Nazi leaders at Nuremberg prison.In the fall of 1945, a 33-year-old American psychiatrist named Douglas Kelley walked into Nuremberg Prison carrying a leather briefcase filled with Rorschach inkblot cards for what he would describe as an astounding task: examining the minds of the most notorious war criminals the world had ever known. It was an unprecedented assignment in the history of psychiatry, and though it laid the groundwork for how criminals would be evaluated in the future, Kelleys work was full of missteps and ethical conflicts. Lines were blurred. As he attempted to understand the Nazi mind, he crossed professional boundaries. And despite detesting the crimes of people like Hermann Gring, Kelley ultimately determined that the prisoners he spoke to were indeed fit to stand trial. Indeed, they were just as sane as he was. Still, what Douglas Kelley discovered in those prison cells would ultimately haunt him for the rest of his life and lead to his death. Douglas Kelleys Life Before NurembergDouglas Kelley was born in California in 1912. Brilliant and ambitious, he breezed through his education, earning his medical degree from the University of California and specializing in psychiatry and neurology. By his early 30s, he had already established himself as a rising star in American psychiatry, publishing research on brain chemistry and the physiological basis of mental illness.When the U.S. Army needed psychiatric expertise for the upcoming Nuremberg trials, Kelley seemed like an ideal choice. He was scientifically rigorous, intellectually curious, and unburdened by prejudices that might cloud his judgment. The Psychomycologist/TwitterDouglas Kelley smiling for a television camera.The military wanted answers to fundamental questions: Were these Nazi leaders insane? What kind of minds could orchestrate the Holocaust? Could psychiatry explain the Third Reich?Douglas Kelley arrived at Nuremberg in the autumn of 1945, just months after Germanys defeat. The prison holding the surviving Nazi officials was a grim stone building adjacent to the Palace of Justice where the trials would take place. Inside its cells sat Hermann Gring, Rudolf Hess, Joachim von Ribbentrop, Julius Streicher, and 18 other architects of Nazi terror, awaiting judgment for their crimes against humanity.And it was up to Kelley to determine if they were mentally fit to stand trial.Into The Minds Of MonstersSony PicturesRami Malek plays Douglas Kelley in the 2025 film Nuremberg.Douglas Kelleys approach was methodical and, by the standards of the time, remarkably humane. He conducted extensive interviews with each prisoner, administered psychological tests including the Rorschach and Thematic Apperception Test, and carefully observed the behavior of his patients. He wanted to understand not just why they had carried out such heinous crimes, but who they really were and he knew the gravity of the mission before him. In papers obtained by Jack El-Hai for his famed Scientific American article, Kelley wrote, the near destruction of modern culture will have gone for naught if we do not draw the right conclusions about the forces that produced such chaos. We must learn the why of the Nazi success so we can take steps to prevent the recurrence of such evil.What struck Douglas Kelley immediately was how ordinary the Nazi leaders seemed. These were not the raving lunatics he had expected to find. In one manuscript, for instance, Kelley wrote of Robert Ley, Hitlers Reich Labor Leader, that despite his condemnation of anti-Semitism, Ley was still convinced that the Jews constituted a problem in Germany. Ley admitted in his interviews that, unlike Hitler, he would not have killed the Jews, but rather would have denied them the right to work and then refused to provide them with a place to live, thus driving them out of Germany without shedding a drop of blood. All the Jews in Germany would have quietly packed up and moved elsewhere, Ley said. Is that not so?Public DomainRobert Ley, the Nazi leader who pushed Hitlers Strength Through Joy campaign.Kelley noted that Ley reiterated time and time again that he had not killed anyone and that he became violently disturbed when he read the indictment in which he was being called a criminal. He continued to maintain his innocence, even as he claimed that he and Hitler had only worked for the benefit of the German people. Ley was erratic and at times suicidal, but there was nothing in his logic however flawed that hinted at insanity. Hess, on the other hand, appeared disturbed, claiming amnesia, but his condition was more theatrical than psychotic. Streicher was crude and repugnant, but also not clinically insane. Hans Frank, the brutal governor-general of occupied Poland, spoke eloquently about art and culture in between his confessions to his unthinkable crimes. Again, Douglas Kelley found these men, who had committed some of historys greatest atrocities, were of sound mind.Kelley also developed a particularly complex relationship with Hermann Gring, Hitlers designated successor and the highest-ranking Nazi on trial. Douglas Kelleys Complicated Relationship With Hermann GringEach day when I came to his cell on my rounds, Douglas Kelley wrote of his talks with Gring, he would jump up from his chair, greet me with a broad smile and outstretched hand, escort me to his cot and pat its middle with his great paw.The two men spent hours together, discussing everything from German history to American politics. Gring was sharp and manipulative, and he had undeniable charisma. He performed well on intelligence tests and showed no signs of psychosis or severe mental illness. Gring also mentioned several times that he felt great responsibility, not for [Germanys] crimes, but for its evaluation by history.Yes, I know I shall hang, Gring told Kelley. You know I shall hang. I am ready. But I am determined to go down in German history as a great man. If I cannot convince the court, I shall at least convince the German people that all I did was done for the Greater German Reich. Public DomainHermann Gring during the Nuremberg trials.And when Gring learned that Kelley would be leaving the prison in 1946, the Nazi leader wrote to the psychiatrist: I regret your departure from Nuremberg, as do the comrades confined with me. I thank you for your humane behavior and also for your attempt to understand our reasons.Douglas Kelley found himself simultaneously repelled and fascinated by the man and this was precisely the problem. The longer he spent with these Nazis, the more unsettling his conclusion became: They truly were not insane. At the same time, Kelley had been divulging information gleaned from his conversations to General William Wild Bill Donovan, the founder of what would soon be the CIA. It was information that, in a traditional doctor-patient relationship, would be considered confidential. He was conflicted about his role: Was he Grings doctor or was he a patriotic informant? Could he be both? However he felt about his position, Douglas Kelley still had to reach a conclusion. The Controversial Conclusions From Nuremberg PrisonPublic DomainNazi defendants at the Nuremberg trials, which began in November 1945.In 1946, Kelley published his findings, arguing that the Nazi leaders represented a particular personality type authoritarian, nationalistic, and prone to following strong leaders but not a pathological one. The capacity for their evil, he wrote, could be duplicated in any country of the world today.This was not the answer anyone wanted to hear.The idea that normal people could commit genocide was deeply threatening. It suggested that the Holocaust was not an aberration committed by madmen but rather something that emerged from human nature itself under certain conditions. If Gring and his cohorts were sane, then the comfortable boundary between us and them dissolved. Evil was not safely quarantined in the minds of the abnormal.Public DomainHermann Gring standing trial. He would die by suicide in October 1946, just hours before his scheduled execution.Douglas Kelleys conclusions were controversial and remain so. Some colleagues suggested that he had been manipulated by the very men he was studying. The psychologist Gustave Gilbert, who worked alongside Kelley at Nuremberg, eventually broke with him over their interpretations, with Gilbert arguing that the Nazis did show distinct pathological traits.Others accused Kelley of being too sympathetic to his subjects, particularly Gring. When recalling Grings suicide just hours before his scheduled execution, for instance, Kelley wrote, His suicide, shrouded in mystery and emphasizing the impotency of the American guards, was a skillful, even brilliant, finishing touch, completing the edifice for Germans to admire in times to come.But if the greater scientific community and general public found Kelleys conclusion disturbing, the weight of that assessment did not weigh nearly as heavily on them as it did on Kelley himself. Douglas Kelleys Shocking Death By SuicideKelley FamilyFollowing his time at Nuremberg, Douglas Kelley was prone to emotional outbursts and became an alcoholic.After the trials, Douglas Kelley returned to America and attempted to resume his career. He taught at the University of California, Berkeley, wrote about his Nuremberg experiences, and continued his research. But something had changed. Colleagues noticed a restlessness in him, a darkness that hadnt been there before. He became fascinated with criminology and the nature of evil, unable to leave behind what he had witnessed in those Nuremberg cells.Kelley also became interested in poisons, particularly cyanide the same substance Hermann Gring had used to cheat the hangmans noose in October 1946. No one suspected Kelley would go out the same way, though. As his son, Doug Kelley Jr., told SF Gate in 2005, his fathers final years had been filled with stress, and the psychological toll was wearing on the psychiatrist. He began drinking heavily. He would fly into fits of rage. He had threatened suicide at least once before.On Jan. 1, 1958, Douglas Kelley was at home with his wife, father, and three children when he suddenly burned himself while cooking in the kitchen and flew into a rage. The next thing we knew, his son recalled, he was on the stairs saying he was going to swallow the potassium cyanide and that hed be dead in 30 seconds.And that was exactly what Kelley did. There, on New Years Day, in front of his family, he ingested potassium cyanide just as Hermann Gring had done 12 years earlier and fell into a spasm that ended his life. He was 45 years old. His family could never truly explain why he did it.I know its ironic, his son said. I think maybe he knew he was on a runaway train. I think he knew what was inside, but he didnt know how to make it go away.After learning about Douglas Kelley and how the Nuremberg trials affected him, read the story of John Douglas, the FBI agent who profiled historys most notorious serial killers. Then, read about John Woods, the Army hangman who intentionally botched Nazi executions so they would suffer.The post Inside The Life Of U.S. Army Psychiatrist Douglas Kelley And His Soul-Crushing Work At Nuremberg Prison appeared first on All That's Interesting.

Greek Ministry of CultureThe marble fragment was likely once part of a gutter system on an ancient Greek temple called the Hekatompedon.In January 2025, Enrico Tosti-Croce reached out to the Greek Embassy in Chile about a small piece of marble sitting on his coat rack. His father had taken the marble while visiting the Acropolis of Athens in the 1930s, and he wanted to return it. Tosti-Croce believed that the artifact was a piece of the Parthenon, but after experts analyzed it, they determined that it was likely from the Hekatompedon a temple on the Acropolis thats even older than the Parthenon. Now, Tosti-Croce is being applauded for handing over the 2,500-year-old relic.How Enrico Tosti-Croce Got A Piece Of The ParthenonIn the 1930s, Enrico Tosti-Croces father, Gaetano, visited the Acropolis of Athens while enlisted in the Italian Navy. There, he picked up a piece of marble on the ground near the Parthenon and brought it home with him.When Tosti-Croces family moved to Chile in the 1950s, the marble sat on a shelf as just another ornament, Tosti-Croce told El Pas. And when his parents died in 1994, he inherited the artifact and displayed it on a coat rack in his own home.Steve Swayne/Wikimedia CommonsEnrico Tosti-Croce thought the piece of marble was from the Parthenon, pictured here.The chunk of marble weighs about two-and-a-half pounds and stands three inches tall and four-and-a-half inches wide. Tosti-Croce would inform visitors that it was part of the Parthenon, as his father had told him. Some believed me, others didnt, he said. Then, in January 2025, Tosti-Croce was listening to the radio while driving when he heard a story about the efforts of Greek officials to repatriate marble statues held by the British Museum. Wow, I have a little piece of the Parthenon, he thought. I think its time to give it back.So he did.The True Origin Of The Stolen Marble FragmentTosti-Croce reached out to Theodosios Theos at Chiles Greek Embassy, sending photos and measurements of his small piece of marble. Theos, in turn, notified the Greek Ministry of Culture, who wanted to examine the artifact in person. Tosti-Croce happily agreed and handed the marble over to Theos. He did have one stipulation, though: He wanted to know which part of the Parthenon the stone was from.A few months later, Tosti-Croce received an unexpected letter in the mail. It was from Olympia Vikatou, the director of the Greek Archaeological Service, and it stated that the marble was part of the marble gutter of an archaic temple, probably the Hekatompedon, the first monumental temple on the Acropolis.The Hekatompedon was built on the Acropolis around 550 B.C.E., a century before the Parthenon. However, it was destroyed by the Persians in 480 B.C.E., and the Parthenon was later built on the site. Public DomainAn artists interpretation of the Hekatompedon, which was destroyed in 480 B.C.E.For Greece, the repatriation of any cultural asset that has been illegally exported gives us great joy and satisfaction, Greek Minister of Culture Lina Mendoni said in a statement. At the Ministry of Culture, we firmly believe that all illegally exported antiquities, from any country, must be returned to their place of origin, to the people they belong to, as part of their collective identity.The marble piece is now back in Athens where it belongs. The Greek Embassy in Chile is also applauding Tosti-Croce, and officials hope his actions inspire others to do the same. When I left the Greek embassy after handing over the piece of marble, I felt a special kind of satisfaction, Tosti-Croce said. I dont even know how to describe it I felt like I had done something good.After reading about the piece of marble that was returned to Greece, discover the legends of these 12 Greek gods. Then, go inside the history of the Temple of Artemis.The post A Man In Chile Just Returned A Stolen Piece Of The Parthenon Only To Learn It Was Actually From An Even Older Greek Temple appeared first on All That's Interesting.

Diario de IbizaThe 2,000-year-old Hercules figurine found on the Spanish island of Ibiza.During preparation for construction of a new housing project in Ibiza, Spain, archaeologists oversaw a controlled drainage of the land. As they sifted through soggy layers, they were surprised to find some truly astonishing ancient artifacts including a 2,000-year-old wooden figurine that appears to be a carving of the famous mythological hero Hercules.Not only is it incredibly rare to find wooden artifacts like this, but this small figurine also provides a fascinating look into Ibizas ancient past some two millennia ago, when it was a Roman city known as Ebusus.The Ancient Hercules Figurine Found In A Roman Refuse Pit In IbizaAccording to the Greek Reporter, the ancient Hercules figurine was discovered during a preventative archaeology excavation ahead of the construction of a new public housing project. Because of the areas deep water table, archaeologists oversaw drainage of the area, which revealed several layers of artifacts ranging from the 18th century to Roman times.The most thrilling artifact was a small, 2,000-year-old figurine, which archaeologists say is a depiction of the mythological figure Hercules.Diario de IbizaA closer look at the 2,000-year-old wooden Hercules figurine that was discovered in Ibiza.Wood never preserves well in Ibiza, unlike in Egypt, which has such a dry climate, said archaeologist Juan Jos Mar Casanova, the co-director of the excavation project. Here, wood and organic materials always rot. But in this case, the water protected it, it didnt destroy it.But how exactly did this figurine survive? Archaeologists found it in an ancient grain silo, which had been repurposed as a garbage dump long ago. Over time, the water table flooded the pit and created the perfect conditions to preserve wooden artifacts. According to Casanova, the natural sealing-off of the pit created an oxygen-free environment that protected the figurine as well as other relics like leather and fruit pits from destructive microorganisms.Its completely unusual, Casanova said, noting that the pit was like a capsule sealed by water and mud that had worked to protect the artifacts from deterioration over the past 2,000 years.Because of this incredible preservation, this new find provides a rare and exciting look back at Ibizas ancient history, when it was a Roman city called Ebusus.The Roles Of Both Ebusus And Hercules In The Ancient MediterraneanIbizas history stretches back at least 3,000 years, when Bronze Age people settled on the island. It became more important in the ancient world in the mid-7th century B.C.E., when the Phoenicians (and later the Carthaginians) used the island as a trading outpost. They worshipped a number of pagan gods, including the terrifying Moloch. But things changed in the 2nd century C.E., when Carthage fell, and Romes power in the region increased.The Portable Antiquities Scheme/The Trustees of the British MuseumA Phoenician coin from Ebusus, the ancient Roman name for whats now Ibiza.The Romans renamed the island Ebusus, which then flourished as a diverse port city. Though the Romans allowed the islanders to maintain many of their Carthaginian traditions and institutions, Greco-Roman culture also permeated daily life, as evidenced by the Hercules figurine.Hercules (known in Greek myth as Heracles or Herakles) was one of the most famous figures of ancient mythology. Legends say that he killed his wife and children after being driven insane by the goddess Hera. Then, in order to atone for his sins, Hercules set out to complete 12 Labors. He kills the Nemean lion, slays a Hydra, captures the Cretan Bull, and steals Cerberus, the dog of the Underworld, among other tasks.Wikimedia CommonsA 16th-century illustration of Hercules, famed hero of ancient Greek and Roman myth.As such, his likeness was used widely throughout the ancient world and has been found frequently by archaeologists over the years, including recently. In 2023, for instance, archaeologists found what appeared to be a statue of Hercules in a Roman sewer, and this year, archaeologists working outside of Florence uncovered a tiny, 20-inch tall figure of the Greco-Roman hero.The Hercules figure found in Ibiza thus belongs to a much larger ancient tradition. But it still stands as an astonishing discovery. By a lucky quirk of nature, this wooden figurine survived 2,000 years. And thanks to the construction of public housing, it has now been rescued from the muck.After reading about the 2,000-year-old Hercules figurine discovered in Ibiza, learn about Tyrian purple, the valuable dye coveted by elites throughout antiquity. Then, discover the chilling and fascinating story of the Roman catacombs that snake beneath the ancient city.The post 2,000-Year-Old Hercules Sculpture Found In An Ancient Roman Refuse Pit On The Spanish Island Of Ibiza appeared first on All That's Interesting.

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They spotted a tiny kitten at a storage facility and later discovered two more hiding nearby. FinleySparkleCatRescueA family that owns a storage complex has long cared for the community cats that call the area home. They provide food and ensure each cat is spayed or neutered to prevent endless litters.Late last month, while tending to the colony as usual, they noticed a timid little kitten wandering around the property. Though scared, he didn't show a hint of aggression. They managed to scoop him up and bring him inside.Hoping to find his mother and siblings, they set a humane trap and waited patiently. He was very shy at firstSparkleCatRescueThey soon trapped the kitten's mother, who was more than ready to retire from raising litter after litter. Once she was spayed and vetted, she returned to her familiar territory at the storage facility, where the family continues to care for her.The rescued kitten, now named Finley, needed care and socialization. Cindy, a member of the family, offered to foster him with the support of Sparkle Cat Rescue. SparkleCatRescue"He was a little shy at first, but it didn't take long for him to warm up. I had to syringe-feed him for the first day because he wasn't quite sure about eating soft food," Cindy shared with Love Meow.The family kept watch around the area to ensure no kitten was left behind. A few days later, they were surprised to find two more hiding nearby. They found Finley's siblings in a boatSparkleCatRescue"They had taken refuge inside a boat that was being stored at the facility. It was covered, so it provided them a dry and somewhat safe place to be."Underneath the tarp were two shy kittens crying for help. One of them, later named Henley, looked almost identical to Finley. Cindy brought both kittens home, where they eagerly devoured an entire bowl of food. Brenleigh and HenleySparkleCatRescue"Brenleigh, the tabby, didn't even weigh a pound. She seemed 'ferocious' when she hissed at me, but it was just adorable."After 24 hours to rest and decompress in their new room, Brenleigh and Henley began to relax and settle into indoor life. Reunited with their brother, they nestled beside him in a cozy bed, purring in unison. "All three siblings seemed so happy to be together again." The kittens were reunited in their foster homeSparkleCatRescueOnce the kittens realized people weren't so scary and always brought food, their confidence blossomed. Soon, they were climbing into Cindy's lap for cuddles, purring so loudly that it filled the room."The first thing they want to do after they eat is crawl into my lap and get pets. They are all very sweet, but Henley is definitely the biggest love bug and purrs the loudest." They came out of their shells and became lap catsSparkleCatRescueWith full bellies and plenty of toys, the trio now spends their days playing and napping without a care in the world.They're fascinated by wand toys and chase them with wild enthusiasm. They turn cardboard boxes into forts, hopping in and out and play-fighting with unbridled energy. When playtime winds down, they curl up together to recharge for their next round of kitten mischief. Finley, Brenleigh, and HenleySparkleCatRescueThe kittens have come a long way since being found at the storage facility. They've learned to trust people, love being held, and can't resist a warm lap. Each day, they grow stronger, braver, and more affectionate than ever.Likely born inside that boat, they are now thriving in a loving home. SparkleCatRescueThanks to a compassionate family and dedicated volunteers, the three feline siblings were reunited and given a second chance. Now, Finley, Henley, and Brenleigh spend their days surrounded by comfort and lovetheir bellies full and their hearts content. SparkleCatRescueShare this story with your friends. More on the kittens and Sparkle Cat Rescue on Instagram and Facebook.Related story: Family Found Bundle of Fur in Front of House, Only to Discover It was a Kitten with the Spirit of a Big Cat

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