The late Senator Lindsey Graham may have just had a new item added to his legacy. The current efforts to pass and implement provisions of the SAVE America Act, which Graham supported, through what House

Two physicists have used generative artificial intelligence (AI) to solve a stubborn mathematical problem in physics that had vexed researchers for more than a decade. Their solution, described July 1 in the Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment, came about when the physicists chose to revisit a problem they thought they had attempted to solve exhaustively within a topic they knew intimately. This concept, known as jamming, refers to the sudden transition from a fluid system to a rigid-but-disordered one. The simplest way to understand this idea is to imagine a pool table covered with billiard balls. If you keep adding balls, eventually the table becomes so congested that there is no space for any more and each ball on the table is securely held in place by its neighbors. This is a disordered, completely frozen situation known as a jammed state. The study authors Giorgio Parisi, winner of the 2021 Nobel Prize in physics, and Francesco Zamponi, both physicists at the Sapienza University of Rome and collaborators had mathematically described jamming and offered numerical solutions in a 2014 paper. In the process, they noticed that two parameters $a$ and $b$ would mysteriously always add up to 1. "The parameters $a$ and $b$ dictate exactly how the distribution of contact forces and small gaps [between balls] scales as the physical system hits that critical jamming point," Zamponi told Live Science in an email. "We were quite bothered by the fact that we had never been able to mathematically prove the relation $a+b=1$."Moreover, separate work by Matthieu Wyart, a physicist at the Swiss Federal Technology Institute (EPFL), took a completely different approach but yielded the same relation. For Zamponi and colleagues, this suggested "entirely new physical concepts" were needed to link their and Wyart's work and simultaneously explain why $a+b=1$. Fast-forward a decade, and no progress had been made in finding these new concepts nor a reason for why $a+b=1$. Stuck in a rut, Parisi had a thought: perhaps generative AI could offer a fresh perspective. For this, he turned to Anthropic's Claude. After Claude successfully reproduced the 2014 numerical result, Parisi prompted the AI to prove why $a+b=1$.The researchers prompted Claude 40 times in order to get a publishable solution to the jamming problem. (Image credit: NurPhoto via Getty Images)"Giorgio initially sent me Claude's output while I was traveling, so I ended up reviewing it on an airplane," Zamponi recalled. "As I read through the LaTeX file Claude generated, it became immediately clear that the core idea was correct That moment significantly shifted my perspective on what these models can achieve in theoretical physics."Though the initial output contained some errors that required revision, the fundamental idea was correct. And in a total of just 40 prompts, the researchers had a verified publishable analytical solution. To their surprise, this solution was hidden directly within the equations themselves; they didn't need any external physical assumptions or deep connections between functions.Related storiesOpenAI's internal AI model just solved an 80-year-old math problem and mathematicians verified itAI is solving 'impossible' math problems. Can it best the world's top mathematicians?AI just verified a proof that earned one of math's most prestigious prizes. Math will never be the same"It is entirely possible that a pure mathematician who works full time on such kind[s] of equations might have spotted the solution," Zamponi told Live Science. "But this is a particularly interesting point for us, as it highlights how Claude gave us instant access to a vast repository of mathematical training and formal skills that lay just outside our usual domain."Whether Claude simply trawled the vast mathematical literature and used pattern matching to find a way to solve their problem or if it applied something akin to creativity is, for Zamponi, moot because they "could not see the path forward, and Claude did," he said. And although he admitted that interacting with AI forces him to reconsider his definitions of reasoning, intuition, and creativity, Zamponi will continue to collaborate with the technology to speed up mundane tasks and provide fresh perspectives on challenging problems.Now, Zamponi is applying this collaborative approach to a problem involving the random sequential addition of hard hyperspheres," he said. It is another excellent case study because, while the AI drastically accelerates writing and optimizing code, I have had to provide the vast majority of the conceptual ideas, which suggests that human guidance remains indispensable, at least in this case."

A team of astronomers have discovered a third planet orbiting the star Beta Pictoris. The new planet, Beta Pictoris d, is 100 times fainter than Beta Pictoris b the first planet discovered in the same system and is among the lightest exoplanets ever to be imaged from the ground. After spotting the planet using the European Southern Observatorys Very Large Telescope (ESOs VLT), the team found it had been hiding in archive observations spanning more than a decade.

Public DomainEssie Dunbar was allegedly buried alive in 1915.During a hot South Carolina summer in 1915, 30-year-old Essie Dunbar died of an epileptic seizure. Or so her family thought.They called a doctor, who confirmed that Dunbar showed no signs of life. The family then arranged a funeral, placed Dunbar in a wooden coffin, invited friends and family to mourn her death, and finally buried her.At the request of Dunbars sister who arrived late to the funeral Dunbars coffin was dug up so that her sister could view Dunbars body one last time. To everyones profound shock, Dunbar was alive and smiling.Essie Dunbar had been buried alive, and she went on to live another 47 after her first death or so the story goes.The 1915 Death Of Essie DunbarNot much is known about Essie Dunbars life before her death in 1915. Born in 1885, Dunbar apparently lived a quiet existence in South Carolina for the first 30 years of her life. Most of her family lived nearby, though Dunbar also had a sister in the neighboring town.Evanoco/Wikimedia CommonsThe town of Blackville, South Carolina, where Essie Dunbar spent most of her life.But in the summer of 1915, Dunbar suffered an epileptic seizure and collapsed. Dunbars family called a doctor, Dr. D.K. Briggs of Blackville, South Carolina, for help, but he appeared to arrive too late. Briggs found no signs of life and told the family that Dunbar was dead. Heartbroken, Dunbars family started to plan a funeral. According to Buried Alive: The Terrifying History Of Our Most Primal Fear by Jan Bondeson, they decided to hold the funeral the next day, at 11 a.m., to give Dunbars sister time to travel to the service. That morning, Essie Dunbar was placed in a wooden coffin. Three preachers conducted the service, which should have given Dunbars sister plenty of time to arrive. When the service finished, and Dunbars sister was still nowhere to be seen, the family decided to proceed with the burial.They lowered Essie Dunbars coffin six feet into the ground and covered it in dirt. But her story didnt end there.An Astonishing Return From Beyond The GraveA few minutes after Essie Dunbar was buried, her sister finally arrived. She begged the preachers to allow her to see her sister one last time, and they agreed to dig up the coffin which had just been buried. As the funeral attendees watched, Dunbars freshly buried coffin was dug up. The lid was unscrewed. The coffin was open. And then shocked gasps and cries rang out not in anguish but in shock. To the astonishment and terror of the crowd, Essie Dunbar sat up in her coffin and smiled at her sister, looking very much alive. According to Buried Alive, the three ministers conducting the ceremony fell backward into the grave, the shortest suffering three broken ribs as the other two trampled him in their desperate effort to get out.Even Dunbars own family ran from her as they believed that she was a ghost or some type of zombie sent to terrorize them. When she climbed out of her coffin and tried to follow them, they grew even more terrified. But Essie Dunbar was not a ghost nor a zombie. She was just a 30-year-old woman whod had the bad luck of being buried alive and the good luck of being quickly dug back up again. Essie Dunbars Life After DeathFollowing her funeral, Essie Dunbar appeared to return to her normal, quiet existence. In 1955, the Augusta Chronicle reported that she spent her days picking cotton, and that shed outlived Briggs, the doctor who had first pronounced her dead in 1915. [Dunbar] has many friends today, a local doctor, Dr. O.D. Hammond, who treated one of the injured preachers during Dunbars funeral, told the paper. She gets a nice-sized welfare check monthly and earns some money picking cotton.Augusta ChronicleA newspaper article from 1955 recounting the story of Essie Dunbars premature burial in 1915.In fact, Dunbar lived for almost another decade more. She passed away on May 22, 1962, at Barnwell County Hospital in South Carolina. Local papers reported her death with the headline: Final Funeral Held For South Carolina Woman. And, this time, there were apparently no shocking moments during Dunbars burial. But though Dunbar became something of a local legend, its difficult to discern the fact and fiction of her story.Was Essie Dunbar Truly Buried Alive?In their fact-check of Essie Dunbars story, Snopes determined that the veracity of Dunbars premature burial was unproven. Thats because no contemporary accounts of Dunbars 1915 funeral exist. Instead, the story seems to come from the book Buried Alive (published in 2001, almost 100 years after the event) and from stories about Briggss death in 1955. Thus, Essie Dunbars story may not be entirely accurate. But hers is just one of many stories of people who were mistakenly buried alive. Theres Octavia Smith, for example, who was buried in May of 1891 after she fell into a coma following the death of her infant son. It was only after Smith was buried that the townspeople realized that a strange sickness was going around, in which the infected appeared dead but awoke a few days later. YouTubeAnother person who was buried alive was Octavia Smith. But Smith, buried in 1891, was not quickly dug up like Essie Dunbar, and reportedly suffered a horrific death in her coffin.Smiths coffin was dug up, but the townspeople were too late to save her: Smith had indeed woken up underground. Her horrified family found that shed shredded the inner coffin lining and died with bloody fingernails and a look of horror frozen on her face. As such, its no surprise why stories like Essie Dunbars or Octavia Smiths, or any other accounts of being buried alive strike such fear into our hearts. There is something incredibly terrifying about the thought of waking up underground, in an enclosed space, where no one can hear you scream. After reading about the premature burial of Essie Dunbar, learn about the Chowchilla Kidnapping, the event that left 26 school children buried alive in rural California. Or, look through these real life horror stories even more terrifying than anything Hollywood could dream up if you dare.The post The Strange Story Of Essie Dunbar, The South Carolina Woman Who Was Allegedly Buried Alive In 1915 appeared first on All That's Interesting.

NAMUSCelina Mays was 12 years old and nine months pregnant when she vanished from her home in 1996.On a cold December night in 1996, 12-year-old Celina Janette Mays kissed her family goodnight, put her dishes in the sink, and went to bed. According to her family, it had been a perfectly normal evening, and nothing about her behavior seemed suspicious. But that night, Celina vanished from her Willingboro, New Jersey home, never to be seen again.At the time of her disappearance, Celina was nine months pregnant. She had insisted on keeping the fathers identity a secret, and some of her family members have speculated that the young girl may have run away from home so a paternity test could not be performed on her baby.Others believe she was kidnapped, possibly by someone in her own family. And to this day, police suspect that the church Celinas family attended may have played a role in her disappearance.But despite more than three decades of intensive investigation, Celina Mays fate remains a baffling mystery.The Night Of Celina Mays DisappearanceDec. 15, 1996 had been a day like any other. According to The Burlington County Times, Celina Mays had attended church, enjoyed ice cream at home with her family, and gone to bed around 11 p.m. Before heading to her bedroom, she kissed everyone goodnight.But the next morning, Celinas four-year-old stepsister went into Celinas room to her wake her up and made a shocking discovery.Celina was gone. Her pillows and blankets had been made up to give the impression that she was still in bed sleeping, and all of her personal belongings had been left behind. She hadnt taken anything with her not even her purse or the prenatal vitamins she was taking for her pregnancy.Celinas family would later tell police that they hadnt noticed anything suspicious the night of her disappearance. However, Celinas stepmother, Evette Mays, recalled Celina saying, Thanks for everything before going to bed. Only in retrospect did it occur to the family that this may have been her way of saying goodbye. On Dec. 17, Celina Mays father called the police to report her missing. Countless Leads And Dead EndsNational Center for Missing & Exploited ChildrenCelina Mays has been missing since 1996.For weeks, police searched Burlington County for Celina Mays, appealing to the community to keep an eye out for the missing young girl. However, they received only a handful of tips, none of which were very promising.As Celinas December due date approached, Police worried for her safety, realizing that, due to her age, shed likely need a caesarean section. Investigators began contacting hospitals in the surrounding area to see if Celina had been admitted, but none of the medical facilities had seen her. Over the years, authorities have received more than 250 leads in her case. One particularly promising lead emerged in January 1997 when the owner of a local restaurant in Howell, New Jersey reported seeing Celina in his establishment. The owner said the young girl had been in the company of a pastor and several other people. He also said she did not look pregnant. However, an investigation quickly determined that the girl was not Celina. The police were back at square one.Suspicions Fall Upon Celinas FamilyCelina Mays family history further complicated the mystery behind her disappearance. Born in Miami, Florida in 1984 to parents C.J. Mays and Lynn Vitale, Celina moved with her parents to Palmyra, New Jersey in 1986. Tragically, in 1994, Celina lost her mother to a fatal aneurysm. This led to a heated custody battle between Vitales family and Celinas father.C.J. Mays reportedly had a criminal record from his time in Florida involving drug use and domestic abuse, and Vitales family used this to make a case that he was an unfit father. However, C.J. insisted he had left that life behind him. In the end, C.J. won custody of Celina, and she moved into his home in the quiet suburb of Willingboro, where they lived with Celinas stepmother and several other family members. After Celina disappeared, both sides of her family accused the other of having had something to do with it. Her mothers family accused her paternal side of hiding her, and even suspected foul play. The Mays family maintained their innocence, and in turn accused Celinas mothers side of kidnapping Celina because they still wanted custody of her. Many of Celinas family members were reportedly uncooperative during the investigation; whats more, a judge denied a police request for a warrant to search the Mays home. In the years since Celinas disappearance, many of her family members have died, including her father, C.J. Mays, leaving countless questions unanswered.Why Celina Mays Church Is Suspected To Have Played A RoleGoogle Street ViewGospel of Christ Ministry, the church Celina Mays attended with her family.Police have long suspected that the church the Mays family belonged to may have had something to do with Celinas disappearance. After the family moved to New Jersey, C.J. Mays joined the Gospel of Christ Ministry in Mount Holly, and soon, the whole family became enfolded into the organization, including Celina. Rather than send Celina to a public school, C.J. decided to homeschool her at the Church. By all accounts, Celina was happy attending Gospel of Christ and even sang in the choir. Faith played a significant role in her life, and it may have been the reason her family never considered getting her an abortion, despite her young age. Because Celina spent so much time at the church, many speculated that the father of her baby must be a congregation member as well. However, Celina was reportedly determined to keep the fathers identity a secret. C.J. claimed that Celina had told him only that he was a 16-year-old boy and was not a member of Gospel of Christ. Notably, C.J. also reported that Celina had been upset when she learned that a blood test could determine the father of her baby. C.J. believed his daughter likely ran away before baby was born to protect the fathers identity.After Celina went missing, unsettling rumors about her church began to surface. The small Pentecostal congregation was led by Celinas aunt, Cerita Smith. In the years preceding Celinas disappearance, the church had faced several complaints from former members who claimed Smith ran the Church with an authoritarian style. Later, congregants would say Smith seemed to control every aspect of the Mays familys lives.Investigators have reported that many members of the congregation refused to cooperate with the police after Celina Mays vanished, and Smith herself reportedly declined police requests to search the church.The Search For Celina Mays ContinuesNAMUSAn age-progressed photo of what Celina Mays might look like as an adult.To this day, investigators still dont know what happened to Celina Mays or her child. Many of the people involved in the case have since died, and the Gospel of Christ church has shut down. But nearly 30 years after Celinas disappearance, police have not given up hope. In 2021, Willingboro Police Department made a statement about the future of their investigation. In 1996 we had limited resources to communicate with the public and acquire details regarding missing persons, they said. Social media has evolved greatly and can now reach a wide variety of people quickly through many platforms.We are using social media to distribute information about Celina to raise awareness of her case. We are hopeful that social media will be a beneficial tool in finding new information about the disappearance of Celina Mays.Investigators still suspect there may be a connection between Gospel of Christ and Celinas disappearance.We have many theories, detective Monica Pogorzelski told CBS News in 2022, noting that theyre currently investigating four new leads. We are hoping she is alive and that we can find her.If you have any information about this case or the whereabouts of Celina Mays, please contact the National Center for Missing & Exploited Children at 1-800-THE-LOST (1-800-843-5678) or call the Willingboro Police Department at 609-877-3001.After reading about Celina Mays, discover the story of Bethany Decker, the pregnant 21-year-old who mysteriously vanished in 2011. Then, read about the baffling disappearance of child star Joe Pichler.The post The Mysterious Disappearance Of Celina Mays, The 12-Year-Old Who Was Nine Months Pregnant When She Went Missing appeared first on All That's Interesting.

Public DomainGary Hinman was just a lost artistic soul before he became the first victim of the Manson Family.Fear is not a rational emotion, and when it sets in, things get out of control as they certainly did with Charlie and me. These were the words spoken by Manson Family member Bobby Beausoleil as he recalled the moment when he killed a man he considered a friend: Gary Hinman.In July 1969, just a few weeks before the infamous Manson murders of actress Sharon Tate and supermarket executive Leno LaBianca, Charles Manson sent Beausoleil to get money from Hinman, who he believed had inherited some $20,000.When Hinman refused to hand over any cash because he didnt have any Beausoleil and fellow Manson Family members Mary Brunner and Susan Atkins resorted to torturing him. After two days, Beausoleil saw no other way out, so he fatally stabbed Hinman.While Gary Hinmans murder has largely been forgotten today, the cold-blooded act set in motion the chilling chain of events that led to the Tate-LaBianca murders the crimes that propelled the Manson Family into infamy.Who Was Gary Hinman?In 1969, 34-year-old Gary Hinman was a music teacher who was pursuing a Ph.D. in sociology. He lived outside of Los Angeles, and while he wasnt personally involved in the Manson Family cult, he knew several of its members. Hed even given guitar lessons to Charles Manson himself.Photo by Michael Ochs Archives/Getty ImagesCharles Manson is escorted to the Santa Monica Courthouse for a hearing regarding the murder of music teacher Gary Hinman.Hinman was a kind-hearted man who frequently allowed others who were down on their luck to stay with him at his home on Old Topanga Canyon Road including Bobby Beausoleil. He had recently become interested in Buddhism, and he was planning a pilgrimage to Japan to learn more about his new faith.He played at Carnegie Hall and he just got in with the wrong crowd, Hinmans cousin, Charlotte Hood, told PEOPLE in 2017. He befriended Manson. He was a very generous soul.Unfortunately, Hinman had met Charles Manson around the same time he was building his cult at the isolated Spahn Ranch. From the compound, Manson preached a prophecy that he called Helter Skelter.Ralph Crane/The LIFE Picture Collection/Getty ImagesSpahn Ranch in the San Fernando Valley, where Manson and his Family dwelled in the late 1960s.Manson believed that the future of humanity balanced on an inevitable race war. While this conflict took place, the Manson Family would be underground, waiting for the opportunity to seize power and, effectively, take over the world.So, how did Gary Hinman get involved?Inside The Manson Familys First MurderBobby Beausoleils testimony about Hinmans murder varies from the story put forth by prosecutors that Charles Manson wanted money he believed Hinman had inherited. According to Beausoleil, he had purchased mescaline from Hinman and, in turn, sold it to members of the Straight Satans Motorcycle Club.Beausoleil claimed that he went to Hinmans house to get his money back after the bikers complained that the mescaline was bad. I didnt go there with the intention of killing Gary, he told Oui magazine in 1981. I was going there for one purpose only, which was to collect $1,000 that I had already turned over to him, that didnt belong to me.Michael Ochs Archives/Getty ImagesBobby Beausoleils August 1969 mugshot after his arrest for the murder of Gary Hinman.However, prosecuting attorney Vincent Bugliosi doesnt even mention this faulty drug deal in Helter Skelter, his famous true crime tell-all about the Manson Family murders. He sticks to the theory that Manson sent Beausoleil to extort money from Hinmans supposed inheritance.Regardless of the reason behind the visit, Beausoleil showed up at Gary Hinmans house on July 25, 1969. He was accompanied by fellow cult members Susan Atkins and Mary Brunner, who had both allegedly had prior sexual relationships with Hinman.In his 1981 interview, Beausoleil claimed, If I was going to kill [Hinman], I wouldnt have taken the girls The girls didnt even know what was going on. They just wanted to go party and see him. No one was going there with any intention of killing Gary Hinman.Bettmann/Contributor/Getty ImagesSusan Atkins (left) was one of the Manson Family members who participated in the murder of Gary Hinman.But whether Beausoleil was driven by Mansons orders or by his own beliefs that Hinman had purposely sold him bad drugs, he nonetheless decided that force was necessary that evening. He would come to regret that decision.At first, it seemed as though violence could be avoided. When Beausoleil, Brunner, and Atkins arrived at Hinmans house, they just talked for awhile, Brunner told Los Angeles County Sheriffs Department investigators in December 1969. [T]hen Bobby told Gary that we needed some money, Brunner continued, and Gary said he didnt have any and then jabber, jabber, and then Bobby took the gun out and said that, you know, we werent kidding, we really do need some money and they got fighting over it and Gary got hit with the gun.When Beausoleil realized that Hinman didnt actually have any money, he called for backup. Shortly after, Charles Manson himself arrived at Hinmans house with Family member Bruce Davis. After Beausoleil told Manson that there was no money, Manson pulled out a samurai sword hed brought along and sliced Hinmans ear and cheek. Charles Manson describes his side of Gary Hinmans murder.At that point, horror set in for Bobby Beausoleil. He reportedly confronted Manson, disgusted at the cult leaders penchant for blood. He asked Manson why hed hurt Hinman. As reported by Oxygen, Beausoleil stated in an interview for the 2018 Fox special Inside the Manson Cult: The Lost Tapes, He said, To show you how to be a man. His exact words. I will never forget that.Unbothered, Manson and Davis took off in one of Hinmans cars, leaving a panicked Beausoleil alone with an injured Hinman and the two women. They did what they could to help Gary Hinman, using dental floss to stitch up his wounds. Hinman reportedly seemed dazed. He kept insisting that he didnt believe in violence and simply wanted real medical attention. I knew if I took him [to the hospital], Beausoleil stated in Inside the Manson Cult, Id end up going to prison. Gary would tell on me, for sure, and he would tell on Charlie and everyone else. It was at that point I realized I had no way out.After agonizing over his options and speaking to Manson several times, Beausoleil decided that he had to kill Gary Hinman. The Manson Family members held him hostage for two days before Beausoleil stabbed him twice in the chest. Getty ImagesBobby Beausoleil speaks with the media after he was found guilty for the murder of Gary Hinman.Hinman didnt die immediately. His killers reportedly took turns holding a pillow over his face to smother him as Hinman clutched prayer beads and chanted a Buddhist mantra. At some point, they used Hinmans blood to write Political Piggy and draw a paw print on the wall in an attempt to convince the police that the Black Panthers had been involved and to instigate the race war that Manson had predicted.Beausoleil left the scene of the crime in Hinmans second car but the chilling crimes of the Manson Family had just begun.How Gary Hinmans Death Led To The Tate-LaBianca MurdersGary Hinmans body was found on July 31, and Bobby Beausoleil was arrested on August 6 after police officers found him sleeping in Hinmans vehicle. He was initially sentenced to death for Hinmans murder, but his sentence was later commuted to life in prison. He remains behind bars to this day, though hes petitioned for parole 19 times. An Associated Press report on the murder of Gary Hinman in 1969.Three days after Beausoleils arrest, Charles Mansons followers began their notorious killing spree that led to the deaths of actress Sharon Tate and her unborn child, Jay Sebring, Abigail Folger, Wojciech Frykowski, Steven Parent, and Leno and Rosemary LaBianca.One theory about the murders claims that Manson ordered his followers to kill the victims to further implicate the Black Panthers and thus free Beausoleil from jail. If that was indeed the plan, it didnt work out the way Manson intended. By the end of the year, nearly the entirety of the Manson Family had been arrested.While Gary Hinmans murder was overshadowed by the subsequent Tate-LaBianca killings, his death was seemingly the catalyst that set the infamous slaughter in motion.After learning about the murder of Gary Hinman, go inside the horrific events that took place at 10050 Cielo Drive. Then, discover whether Charles Manson actually ever killed anyone himself.The post The Tragic Story Of Gary Hinman, The Mason Familys First Murder Victim appeared first on All That's Interesting.

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Charging up your iPad can sometimes feel like it takes forever. But new fast charging technology is starting to make that change. But there's a trick to it.

The global Truck Axle Shafts Market is expected to witness stable growth as commercial vehicle production, freight transportation activities, and replacement demand continue supporting long-term investment in drivetrain components. According to Fact.MR, the market is projected to grow from USD 5.83 billion in 2026 to USD 7.81 billion by 2036, registering a compound...