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University of OklahomaPaleontologists discovered intact soft tissue from a crinoid that lived 450 million years ago.In the prehistoric animal kingdom, before dinosaurs walked the Earth, and even before any animals and plants occupied dry land, starfish-like creatures known as crinoids thrived in some of the planets earliest marine ecosystems.Scientists just discovered a 450-million-year-old fossilized crinoid that still has some of its soft tissue intact. This is extremely rare, as fossils almost always preserve only the animals bones, teeth, or hard shells. But this astonishing crinoids soft tissue will give researchers unprecedented insight into the evolution of life in Earths prehistoric oceans some 200 million years before the dinosaurs.The 450-Million-Year-Old Crinoid Found With Soft Tissue IntactPaleontologists at the University of Oklahoma made the discovery of the soft tissue while studying a fossil of a Dendrocrinus simcoensis being held at a small Montral museum called the Muse de palontologie et de lvolution. The museum simply hadnt been aware of the importance of this specimen that had long been sitting in their collection.Only one other crinoid fossil has ever been found with preserved soft tissue, and this discovery is older by a significant margin.Dr. Lena Cole, a paleontologist at the university, said in a statement that the discovery was truly one in a million, as millions of crinoid fossils have been found, but only two have ever had intact soft tissue.University of OklahomaFeather stars, found in todays oceans, are modern crinoids.Crinoids are echinoderms, sea animals with rough, spiny surfaces and radial symmetry. They are sometimes called sea lilies for their flower-like appearance, and appear in todays oceans as feather stars. The bodies of crinoids are mostly made up of chalky, calcium carbonate plates that allow them to fossilize well. But this merely aids in fossilizing the animals hard tissue, while the preservation of soft tissue requires highly specific and rare conditions.After an animal dies, soft tissues like skin, eyes, or internal organs are the first things to decay, said Dr. Cole. Most fossils are only made up of hard parts like bones, teeth, or shells. Soft tissues are only preserved when the environment acts almost like a natural refrigerator or vacuumsealer conditions that are incredibly rare.The researchers identified the soft tissue preserved in this fossil as the crinoids tube feet. Despite what the name might imply, tube feet do not allow crinoids to stand, but instead to eat.Wikimedia CommonsResearchers identified the soft tissue as tube feet, which crinoids use to eat.Crinoids use their tube feet, which line the edges of their fans, to capture plankton. As the crinoids move their feathery fans through the ocean, particles of plankton get trapped and stuck to the tube feet and are then moved down to their mouths from there.Tube feet are remarkably diverse in size and shape depending on how each crinoid has evolved based on its specific ecology.Since crinoid tube feet are used for feeding, you can think of them in a similar way to how we think about teeth in mammals, said Dr. David Wright, another University of Oklahoma paleontologist. Differences in their structure tell us about what kinds of environments a species lived in and how it fed.What This Crinoid Discovery Could Reveal About Planet Earths Prehistoric OceansAlthough paleontologists have been able to piece together prehistoric ecosystems with hard tissue fossils, the preserved soft tissue reveals much more about how crinoids biology worked and evolved.Comparisons with living crinoids show that the anatomy of this ancient species was very different, Dr. Cole said. This gives us new insight into how crinoids evolved and how their feeding strategies changed over hundreds of millions of years.Not only does the discovery deepen researchers knowledge of prehistoric crinoids, it also provides clues about entire ecosystems that flourished in Earths oceans hundreds of millions of years ago.Fossilized remains of longextinct species can show features well outside the range of variation we see in living species, Dr. Wright said. By comparing ecological ways of life for extinct and modern species, we can understand how patterns of adaptive evolution have changed through time and what factors shaped the modern biosphere.After reading about the discovery of a 450-million-year-old crinoid with soft tissue intact, learn about this terrifying 20-armed feather star found in the Antarctic Ocean. Then, discover these dinosaur fossils found with preserved skin.The post One In A Million: Scientists Stunned By 450-Million-Year-Old Sea Creature Fossil That Still Has Soft Tissue Intact appeared first on All That's Interesting.

Public DomainThe Death of Cleopatra depicts the queen moments after her suicide by asp.Many of historys most beloved and important works have been lost to time.Countless books, films, and works of art that were adored in their day are now destroyed or impossible to find. For example, while Sophocles was known to have written over 120 plays, only seven survive to this day. And Frida Kahlos 1940 painting, The Wounded Table, was last exhibited in 1955, but it has not been seen since.One of these lost works was a sculpture called The Death of Cleopatra. At least, it was lost until a strange series of events brought the sculpture and the artist behind it back into the limelight.Who Was Edmonia Lewis?In a video with over 94,000 views, TikTok user Symantha Onyechi (@ooopolish) introduces viewers to a sculpture: The Death of Cleopatra, which was created by a woman named Edmonia Lewis.The sculpture is immediately striking. As Onyechi tells it, the sculpture shows Cleopatra moments after her suicide.Instead of showing her beautiful and peacefully asleep, [Lewis] decided to carve her dead, still seated on the throne, showing that she still had control of her fate until the very end, the TikToker says.But who was the sculptor behind this piece?Edmonia Lewis was born in New York in 1844. Due to her mixed African American and Mississauga Ojibwe heritage, she faced discrimination throughout her life and career. As her fame as an artist grew, her studio received many visitors not for viewers to see the artist at work, but to verify that it really was Lewis doing the sculpting.They couldnt believe that a woman like her could create these massive marble sculptures with so much detail and realism, Onyechi explains. In fact, this became such a common occurrence that Lewis went out of her way to work in front of others and be seen with tools in her hands.Lewis had studied art at Oberlin Collegiate Institute, the school that would become Oberlin College, in the early 1860s. But her time there was cut short after two horrifying incidents.Public DomainEdmonia Lewis was largely forgotten after her death in 1907, but there has recently been renewed interest in her work.In 1862, Lewis was accused of poisoning two white classmates. The charges were later dismissed for a lack of evidence, but as news about the event spread, Lewis was kidnapped and brutally assaulted by a white mob.A few years later, she left the United States and moved to Rome, Onyechi explains. She said that the land of liberty had no room for a colored sculptor.'In Rome, Lewis was able to better explore her craft. Her work became popular, depicting emancipation, freedom, Native American life, and Black history, according to Onyechi. Then, in 1876, Edmonia Lewis completed The Death of Cleopatra, a massive marble sculpture depicting the moments after the famed queens suicide. The sculpture received considerable attention at the 1876 Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia and the 1878 Chicago Interstate Exposition but then it seemingly vanished.The Fate Of The Death Of Cleopatra SculptureInitial reports about the whereabouts of the sculpture are confusing. There are claims that, by 1892, it had somehow ended up in a saloon.A short time later, it came into the possession of a notorious gambler and racehorse owner named Blind John Condon. He opted to use the sculpture as the grave marker for his favorite horse, Cleopatra, placing the sculpture near the grandstand of his race track in the Forest Park suburb of Chicago.Over the years, the site changed, but The Death of Cleopatra remained in place. When the race track transformed into a golf course, the sculpture was used as a target. And after the U.S. Navy purchased the land to build a torpedo factory in the early years of World War II, Lewis sculpture was moved to a salvage yard.Public DomainThe Harlem Race Track in Forest Park, Illinois, in 1901.The work of art eventually caught the eye of Harold Adams, a retired firefighter and Boy Scout troop leader. [T]he minute I saw her, I knew that statue was something beautiful, Adams told the Chicago Tribune in 1988. She was like a big white ghost out there between all that heavy machinery and crying out to be saved.Adams troop tried to clean up the damaged sculpture themselves by covering it with a coat of white paint which only made the restoration process more difficult when the Smithsonian American Art Museum finally came into possession of the piece in 1994.Even once the sculpture was found, Edmonia Lewis remained largely forgotten. After her death in 1907, her studio wasnt preserved, many of her works disappeared, and for years even her burial site was unknown, details Onyechi.Recently, however, Lewis oeuvre has been the center of renewed attention. Now, those interested in seeing her work can view it as part of a traveling exhibition. Edmonia Lewis: Said in Stone will be open at the Georgia Museum of Art and then the North Carolina Museum of Art from August 2026 until July 2027.While The Death of Cleopatra is not currently on view, art historians hope that it may soon make a public reappearance at the Smithsonian. @ooopolish #history #edutok #LearnOnTikTokContest #todayilearned #learnontiktok original sound OOO Polish OOO Polish All Thats Interesting reached out to Onyechi via email and Instagram direct message.After reading about Edmonia Lewis and The Death of Cleopatra, discover the mysteries that lie beneath the paint of the Mona Lisa. Then, take a deep dive into the life of Cleopatra, the queen who inspired Lewis iconic work.The post Nearly Erased From History: This Famous Sculpture Of Cleopatra Disappeared For Over 100 Years. It Was Being Used As The Gravestone Of A Horse appeared first on All That's Interesting.

Bettmann/Getty ImagesThe Ovitz family arrives in Israel on April 15, 1949.Auschwitz was one of the most infamous concentration camps of the Holocaust. Between 1940 and 1945, more than 1.1. million people were murdered at the camp, including one million Jews. When the Ovitz family was deported to the camp in 1944, their chances of survival seemed especially thin: They were not only Jewish, but seven of them were dwarfs.Because the Nazis persecuted both European Jews and people with physical disabilities, the Ovitz family was in serious danger. Yet all 12 members of the Ovitz family from a 58 year old woman to a toddler survived the time they spent at Auschwitz before the camp was liberated in January 1945.Their survival was ensured by a surprising figure, the infamous Nazi doctor Josef Mengele. Though Mengele subjected the Ovitz family to painful medical experiments, he also protected them from certain death.This is their story.The Ovitz Family Before The HolocaustThe Ovitz family originated from a village in Transylvania, where the patriarch, a dwarf named Shimson Eizik Ovitz, was a respected rabbi. Shimson married twice and fathered ten children, seven of whom were born with dwarfism. After Shimsons death in 1923, his widow worried about the dwarf childrens future. She urged them to make a living as performers, since their small size prevented them from working with crops or livestock. The dwarf children Rozika, Franzika, Avram, Freida, Micki, Elizabeth, and Perla performed as the music and theater act The Lilliput Troupe. The non-dwarf siblings Sarah, Leah, and Arie worked behind the scenes, helping with costumes and sets. For 15 years, they successfully toured around central Europe, putting on shows wherever they went.United States Holocaust Memorial MuseumThe seven dwarfs of the Ovitz family, who were part of a popular ensemble act before they were deported to Auschwitz in 1944.But when World War II began, the Ovitz family found itself in deep danger. Not only were the Nazis going after European Jews, but they were also determined to exterminate people with physical disabilities. According to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, the Ovitz family was able to avoid detection for years, primarily through forged papers which excluded their Jewish identity. But things changed in 1944. Then, the family was arrested and deported to Auschwitz. They seemed to face certain death at the infamous concentration camp. But salvation came from an unlikely source. How A Family Of Dwarfs Survived AuschwitzWhen the Ovitz family arrived at Auschwitz, camp guards immediately woke up Dr. Josef Mengele. An infamous Nazi physician known for his gruesome medical experiments on prisoners, Mengele was especially interested twins, people with physical abnormalities and dwarfs. When he heard about the Ovitz familys arrival in Auschwitz, Mengele rushed to see them.Over the next eight months, Mengele kept the Ovitz family safe from harm. Under his watch, they had their own living quarters, were allowed to wear their own clothes, and were given better meals than other prisoners. But this elevated treatment came at a price. Mengele also subjected the Ovitz family especially the women to painful medical experiments. United States Holocaust Memorial MuseumJosef Mengele performed painful medical experiments on the Ovitz family, but also protected them from certain death.The most frightful experiments of all were the gynecological experiments. Elizabeth Ovitz later recalled. They injected things into our uterus, extracted blood, dug into us, pierced us, and removed samples. The pain was unbearableits impossible to put into words the intolerable pain that we suffered, which continued for many days after the experiments ceased.Mengele pulled the Ovitz familys teeth, extracted their bone marrow, and drew copious amounts of their blood. He conducted painful tests on their bodies, questioned their intelligence, and repeatedly tested them for syphilis. Yet Mengele also protected the Ovitz family from death on more than one occassion, which created an odd bond between him and them. As the Daily Mail reports, the family addressed Mengele as Your Excellency and often sang him his favorite songs. Mengele, meanwhile, was polite and even flirtatious with the Ovitz family. He often complimented Frieda, and if she didnt wear makeup one day, he might say: Are you in a bad mood today? Why didnt you wear your beautiful red lipstick? Mengele also brought the Ovitz family toys and sweets. One day, the familys youngest member, 18-month-year-old Shimshon, even toddled toward Mengele saying, Daddy, Daddy. Mengele smiled at the toddler and responded: No, Im not your father, just Uncle Mengele.Public DomainHungarian Jews at Auschwitz in the spring of 1944, around the same time that the Ovitz family arrived at the camp. But Mengele could also be mercurial. In one horrifying incident, he forced the entire family to strip on stage in front of an audience of SS guards. In another, he had other dwarfs killed and their bodies boiled so that their bones could be displayed in a museum. All the while, the Ovitz family lived in constant fear of execution. But in January 1945, Auschwitz was liberated. Mengele disappeared into the night. The Ovitz family all 12 members walked out of the camp alive.I Was Saved By The Grace Of The DevilAfter the war, the Ovitz family returned to performing. They ultimately immigrated to Israel, where they bought two cinema halls. Mengele, meanwhile, made his way to South America, where he drowned in 1979. But the Ovitz family never forgot Mengele. Though he had subjected them to medical experiments, humiliation, and fear, he also protected them. On at least one occasion, Mengele saved Ovitz family members from execution.If the judges had asked me if [Mengele] should be hanged, Id have told them to let him go, Perla Ovitz recalled in an interview. I was saved by the grace of the devil; God will give Mengele his due.YouTubePerla Ovitz speaking about her experiences during the Holocaust in an 1999 interview.In Giants: The Dwarfs of Auschwitz: the Extraordinary Story of the Lilliput Troupe, Perla further reflected on her dwarfism and how her condition, which should have doomed her at Auschwitz, ended up saving her life. If I was a healthy Jewish girl, [five feet, 10 inches tall], I would have been gassed like the hundreds of thousands of other Jews in my country, she said. So if I ever wondered why I was born a dwarf, my answer would have to be that my handicap, my deformity, was Gods only way to keep me alive.After reading about the Ovitz family, the family of dwarfs who survived Auschwitz, look through this heartbreaking collection of photos of Holocaust victims. Or, discover the inspirational stories of these Holocaust Heroes who saved countless people from certain death. The post When The Seven Dwarfs Of Auschwitz Met The Nazis Most Monstrous Doctor appeared first on All That's Interesting.

I know, we are all hyped for the remake of the classic The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time, so much so that Ive already lost count of how many people Ive seen desperately hunting down a Nintendo Switch 2 just to not miss out on the brand-new version that is set to be released at the end of this year.

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