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Earth's oldest known impact crater formed when a meteorite slammed into what is now Australia about 3 billion years ago 470 million years later than scientists previously claimed, a new study suggests.The impact crater, known as the North Pole Dome crater, is located in Western Australia's Pilbara region, which is home to some of the planet's oldest rocks. It remains a record-breaking structure, beating the world's next-oldest known meteorite impact crater the Yarrabubba impact structure, also in Western Australia by roughly 800 million years."While the site had previously been identified as an ancient impact structure, its exact age remained uncertain," study first author Chris Kirkland, a professor in the School of Earth and Planetary Sciences at Curtin University in Australia, said in a statement. "The impact left a 'mineral clock' behind. By dating minerals that were remade or newly grown in the damaged rocks, we can now pin down when this extraordinary event happened."In a study published last year, Kirkland and his colleagues said they had "unequivocal evidence" that the North Pole Dome crater was 3.47 billion years old, based on an analysis of cone-shaped chunks of rock known as "shatter cones" that form when the shock waves from a meteorite impact propagate downward.However, a study published four months later in the journal Science Advances called the other team's results "inaccurate," arguing that the impact occurred no earlier than 2.7 billion years ago.For the new study, Kirkland and his colleagues used advanced mineral dating techniques to estimate the ages of zircon, apatite, calcite and muscovite in shatter cones from the North Pole Dome crater. The researchers analyzed two samples of shatter-cone-bearing rocks, as well as a shocked quartz vein a sheet-like deposit that typically forms when superhot, mineral-rich water circulates in the cracks between shocked rocks.Researchers analyzed zircon and other minerals in North Pole Dome rocks. (Image credit: Curtin University)"The key evidence comes from zircon, a tiny but extraordinarily resilient mineral that can keep geological time for billions of years," Kirkland said. "Some zircons at North Pole Dome have unusual branching, skeletal shapes. We interpret these as impact-modified crystals, formed when older zircon was disrupted, partly recrystallised, and in places regrown during the intense heating caused by the impact."RELATED STORIESIncomplete remains of world's 'youngest' impact crater spotted lurking in Chinese forest Earth from spaceGiant meteor impact may have triggered massive Grand Canyon landslide 56,000 years agoWilkes Land crater: The giant hole in East Antarctica's gravitational field likely caused by a meteoriteThe age recorded in zircon was the same as that locked inside apatite minerals, giving the researchers confidence that the impact occurred a little more than 3 billion years ago. The younger shatter cones in the Science Advances study may have formed subsequently due to tectonic and thermal activity, the team wrote in the new paper, which was published Tuesday (June 23) in the journal Geology."Ancient impact craters are incredibly difficult to date because over billions of years, rocks are altered by heat, pressure and fluids, which can obscure or reset the original impact signals," Kirkland said. "The new age places the North Pole Dome structure as Earth's oldest known impact crater and the only recognised example from the Archean eon [4 billion to 2.5 billion years ago], a time when the planet's earliest continents were forming."Planet Earth quiz: What do you know about our planet's most amazing features?

The asteroid that caused the extinction of the dinosaurs also created an underground environment suited to supporting new life, and new research suggests it lasted for millions of years longer than previously suspected. While previous research showed the buried hydrothermal system of porous rock, hot water, and chemical nutrients may have lasted 2 million years, new research says it lasted for 8 million years.

Wikimedia CommonsThe San Andreas Fault, as seen from above in San Luis Obispo County, California.A recent study says that the San Andreas and San Jacinto fault lines are under more stress than at any point in the past 1,000 years. Heres what that means.Its been a long-held fear for many Californians. This time, it might actually be real.Anyone who has lived in Southern California knows the reality of existing in a place with many earthquakes. The first time you experience an earthquake, you panic after the 50th, you barely stop sipping your matcha.However, theres a longtime fear in the minds of many Californians that, one day, theres going to be another big earthquake. The last major earthquake experienced by residents of Los Angeles was in 1994, when the magnitude-6.7 Northridge earthquake claimed the lives of at least 57 people.Now, some evidence suggests that another earthquake of at least that size could be around the corner.What Did Scientists Recently Discover About The San Andreas And San Jacinto Faults?Scientists have just found that the San Andreas fault line is under the most pressure that its ever been in and it is now lined up with a second fault line right next to LA that could rip open at the exact same time, popular TikTok user Nick Jackson (@niickjackson) says in a recent video summarizing the recent study.@niickjackson/TikTokPopular TikToker @niickjackson brought attention to a recent, concerning study about the San Andreas and San Jacinto fault lines.While Jackson is slightly exaggerating the study says its under the most pressure its been in over the past 1,000 years, not forever the findings are still dramatic.One of the major findings of this study was about an area called Cajon Pass, where two fault lines meet. This place can, according to researchers, act as an earthquake gate.Theyre saying that whenever both fault lines are stressed to the same level, that gate can open and let a rupture jump from one fault line straight onto the other, Jackson summarizes.If this occurs, the outcome will likely be dramatic and devastating.@niickjackson TikTokA map of Southern Californias fault system shows pressure building along the San Andreas Fault.Theyre saying that both fault lines are loaded to almost the exact same point, so they could rip together or even all at once across three different branches, Jackson explains.The last big one that happened in 1857 tore over 200 miles, but it stopped right at that gate, he adds. This time, if it were to happen again, the area it would hit is packed with millions of people.Jackson closes by noting that scientists still cannot predict if or when such an earthquake would occur.How High Is Californias Risk Of An Earthquake In The Near Future?As outlandishly frightening as this news may sound, it is indeed real though there are some important caveats.The study comes from the University of Hawaii at Mnoa and was published in the Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth.By modeling 1,000 years of earthquake data, researchers were able to determine that stress levels on multiple fault segments are now at or above the highest values seen in the past millennium and that the region may be capable of a large through-going rupture involving both fault systems, according to the studys lead author Liliane Burkhard.Importantly, the study does not say that these faults being at a critically loaded state means that an earthquake is imminent or that any resulting earthquake would be as devastating as the one that occurred in 1994.National ArchivesSome of the devastation following the great earthquake of 1906 in San Francisco.Instead, the study simply uses modeling to show that, historically, it has been possible for Cajon Pass to act as a sort of gate and link two fault events. When this happens, the outcome can be devastating though it is not guaranteed to happen at all, let alone in the near future.What we can say is that the system is critically stressed, and that physics-based models like this one give us a clearer picture of the range of scenarios we should be prepared for, Burkhard stated.Why Some Californians Arent Living In Fear Of The San Andreas FaultWhile some Californians have expressed fear about this news, many have approached the topic with a mix of skepticism and fatigue.Born in LA 65 years ago. Heard this only a thousand times, reads one comment under Jacksons video.Theyve been saying this since the 80s. Dont stress over it, echoed another comment on Reddit. Geologically your life time is a split second. This huge earthquake they talk about might not happen for over 200 years.Wikimedia CommonsThe San Andreas Fault runs 750 miles across the state of California.Others advised that, regardless of whether a massive earthquake is imminent, people should be ready.Dont stress about it, but you need to have a plan and prepare, reads a further Reddit comment. I dont think people realize how disruptive these events are in the days/weeks following. Widespread power outages, fuel shortages, communications down, damage to water systems, bridges down, collapsed roads, supply chain (e.g. food) disruptions.Have a earthquake kit in a safe place with food/water for roughly a week, first aid supplies, etc., the user continues. Have a family plan on what to do, where to meet, in the event that people are at work/school/wherever when it happens. @niickjackson SO THATS INSANE original sound Nick Jackson All Thats Interesting reached out to Jackson via email and Instagram direct message.To see the worst that earthquakes can do, relive Japans Great Kant Earthquake of 1923, which launched a series of events so devastating it left more than 100,000 dead. And from American history, read up on the 1906 San Francisco earthquake that left the city on fire for days.The post The Time To Prepare Is Now: Californias San Andreas Fault Is At Its Highest Stress Level In 1,000 Years appeared first on All That's Interesting.

@ajsands.kc/TikTokPart of the fairy ring of mushrooms that recently appeared in one womans yard.A woman named Angela on TikTok recently showed off a strange discovery she made in her lawn. According to her, shes lived in the same place for 25 years and never seen anything like it. Immediately, commenters began to explain that what Angela was seeing was something called a fairy circle and that she should stay as far away as possible.Earth produces plenty of strange phenomena, and humans have often spun these natural wonders into complex mythology.For example, at various points in history, the Northern Lights have been interpreted to represent everything from the spirits of deceased whales to warnings about imminent wars.While some of these phenomena are grand in scope and scale, others can be found right in your backyard, as Angela recently discovered. But why are viewers warning her to stay away from the mushrooms?What Are Fairy Circles And Why Are They Supposedly Dangerous?In a video with over 2.4 million views, TikTok user Angela (@ajsands.kc) shows the anomaly thats been growing in her yard.Our lawn is freshly cut this week, and then all of a sudden, these things, she says to the camera. The things in question are white, cotton ball-like mushrooms. The strange part? They appear to be growing in a circle.Theres another one popping up right there, she says. What the heck is this?The shape was so unusual, she adds in the caption. Are these dangerous mushrooms?Commenters immediately sounded the warning bells. [Youre] standing in a fae circle, wrote a user. You need to get out of it and stay away from it.Dont! Dont go in them because it brings bad luck, added another.Public DomainAn example of a fairy ring in Australia.However, others countered that it was simply a natural phenomenon and nothing to worry about. So, whos correct?Its true that fairy circles or fairy rings occur naturally. This happens because the body of a fungus lives underground. If the conditions are right often, if theres been a significant amount of rain recently the fungus will grow outward in all directions in search of nutrients. It does this using root-like threads called mycelia.Since this growth occurs in multiple directions from a central point, it produces a circle as it reaches the surface.Entering a fairy ring isnt dangerous unless, that is, you believe some of the legends that surround them.The Long History Of Fairy Circles In MythologyGiven just how strange the appearance of a fairy circle can be, its no surprise that cultures around the world have invented their own myths and legends about them.For example, English and Celtic folklore tended to regard the areas as places where fairies danced. If a human entered the circle, they would be made to dance until they fainted from exhaustion. Dutch legend claims that if a cow grazes in a pasture with a fairy circle, the butter made from the creatures milk will taste spoiled.Legends around fairy rings arent all negative, however. National Geographic notes that some English traditions claim houses built on grasslands with fairy rings will never fall down. In contrast to the Dutch, Welsh tradition says farmers should grow crops near fairy circles and allow livestock to feed nearby though humans should not enter the rings themselves. However, even if you dont believe the mythology surrounding fairy circles, that doesnt mean youre free from danger.Public DomainLegend states that fairy rings mark the spots where fairies dance and entering them is bad luck.At least 60 different species of mushrooms are known to appear in fairy rings. As a result, its impossible to say whether a fairy circle mushroom is inherently safe or dangerous.Generally speaking, you should not eat mushrooms growing on your lawn unless you can identify them for certain. Its best to consult an expert or double-check the identification of any mushroom before touching it.Many mushroom species that look nearly identical can have dramatically different impacts on the body if consumed. For example, the edible Agaricus campestris looks similar to Amanita verna a highly toxic mushroom also known as the destroying angel.As some mushrooms can be dangerous to both humans and animals, many people choose to remove fairy rings when they pop up in their yard. This can be difficult, as mushrooms can easily regrow, but it can generally be done by removing the mushrooms by hand, aerating the lawn, and removing excess organic material in the area.But be careful removing the fairy circle might anger the fairies. @ After reading about the fairy circle that appeared in a womans yard, discover other bizarre natural phenomena found around the world and the legends that surround them. Then, learn about how mushrooms communicate using a 50-word vocabulary.The post Woman Notices Mushrooms In Her Yard Growing In Strange Pattern. Then People Warn Her What It Really Is: Respectfully Get OUT appeared first on All That's Interesting.

In 1854, Henry David Thoreau published what many consider to be his magnum opus, Walden, a collection of 18 essays written in isolation at a small shack on the edge of Walden Pond. Although it received little attention in Thoreaus time, Walden has been lauded since the early 20th century as an influential piece of writing on labor, individualism, and nature.Of course, Thoreau neglected to mention in his essays that his wild, off the grid life was actually quite tame. While he lived in his famous cabin which sat on land owned by his friend Ralph Waldo Emerson his mother frequently helped him with laundry and brought him food. In fact, the cabin was only about a 20-minute walk from his family home.So, while Thoreaus writing certainly remains influential and inspirational nearly 200 years after its publication, the man himself was hardly the embodiment of off-grid living.The nine people on this list, on the other hand, truly embraced the hermit lifestyle, living off the grid in the untamed wilderness and surviving entirely on their own.Willard Kitchener MacDonald: The Hermit Of Gully LakeWillard Kitchener MacDonald, a.k.a. The Hermit of Gully Lake.In late 1944, Willard Kitchener MacDonald was conscripted to go overseas and fight in World War II. Instead, MacDonald jumped from a troop train and began living his life in a secluded hut by Gully Lake in Nova Scotia where he remained for nearly 60 years.Well, its one of the things about miracles is they sometimes happen, MacDonald said in a 2007 documentary about his life, Willard: The Hermit of Gully Lake. I believe in miracles.While the exact date of the beginning of MacDonalds isolation is unclear, most people who knew him assumed that he initially fled into the woods to avoid being captured for deserting the war cause. Perhaps, they theorized, he then simply fell in love with the lifestyle, as he remained at his small Gully Lake cabin even once the Canadian government granted amnesty to deserters in 1950.What is clear, however, is that MacDonald felt he needed very little to survive. He inherited his fathers love of music and built himself a guitar while living in his isolated cabin. He had little else in the way of entertainment. FacebookA 2007 documentary about MacDonalds life and final days was released on YouTube a few years after his death.For meals, MacDonald caught fish, hunted, and foraged for mushrooms and plants that grew in the woods surrounding his crude abode. The only possessions he kept with him were several books, his own writings, his guitar, and a rifle.Unfortunately, MacDonalds cabin and belongings burned in a forest fire in 2003, just one year before the hermits death.Following the fire, MacDonald reluctantly moved into a cabin that Colchester County officials had built for him. However, he fled into the woods once more when his friends tried to convince him to seek medical treatment against his will. Several months later, on June 27, 2004, a search party discovered MacDonalds remains in the wilderness.Chris McCandless, The Man At The Heart Of Into The WildX (Twitter)Chris McCandless was the subject of the book Into the Wild and its later film adaptation.In 1996, author Jon Krakauer released his book Into the Wild, which chronicled the shocking and strange life journey of Chris McCandless, a man who ventured into the Alaskan wilderness in 1992 and never returned. His body was discovered by a pair of moose hunters on Sept. 6, 1992, inside an old, rusted bus just outside of Denali National Park, a notable landmark frequented by countless travelers, trappers, and hunters. But something stood out to the hunters: a note written on a page that had been torn from a novel was taped to the buss door handle. The note was dated August ? and signed by Chris McCandless. When the hunters investigated further, they found McCandless emaciated body inside the bus, which sparked a years-long investigation into the circumstances that led to his death. X (Twitter)Chris McCandless in front of the old bus that he turned into his temporary home.What the investigation revealed was that McCandless had hitchhiked from Carthage, South Dakota, to Fairbanks, Alaska, under the false name Alex, telling a local electrician named Jim Gallien that he planned to live off the land for a few months, per Krakauers book. Although Gallien expressed concern about McCandless ability to survive in the cruel Alaskan wilderness, the young man stubbornly insisted that the electrician drop him off at Denali National Park. Gallien even offered to drive McCandless to Anchorage to pick up more supplies, as he was severely under-equipped for his endeavor but McCandless refused. When he was last seen alive on April 28, 1992, McCandless was carrying nothing more than a light backpack that held some personal items, a 10-pound bag of rice, a Remington semi-automatic rifle, and a pair of rubber boots. McCandless plan was to go on an extended hike westward to the Bering Sea, but less than 30 miles into his journey, he stopped at the rusted bus where his body would ultimately be found.For 16 weeks, McCandless used the bus as his camp and kept a detailed diary of his time in the woods. At first, he seemed to find some success hunting and living off the land, but his last month of entries revealed a desire to return to civilization. Unfortunately, an overflowing river caused by the melting snow made his path back impassable, and he started expending more calories than he could take in each day. He grew weaker, and his diary entries became simple marks to show the passage of the days. Then, 132 days after McCandless was last seen, the two hunters stumbled upon his body. He is believed to have died from starvation two weeks before he was found.The post 9 Hermits Who Left Society Behind To Live In Solitude, From The Caves Of Australia To The Wilds Of Alaska appeared first on All That's Interesting.

If the history of human evolution has taught us anything, its that the most human trait of all is our ability to adapt. Though survival on this planet has certainly gotten easier over time, these nine stories of feral children remind us of our roots and the perils of life in the wild.Defined as a child who has lived in isolation from human contact from an early age, a feral child often struggles to learn human language and behavior once they make contact with people again. While some feral children were able to make progress, others struggled to even form a complete sentence.Facebook; Wikimedia Commons; YouTubeFrom children who were raised by wolves to victims of severe isolation, these stories of feral people are tragic.The phenomenon of feral children is exceptionally rare, as there have only been about 100 known cases throughout all of human history. Some of these stories show how malleable we are as a species, while others reveal how vital human contact truly is in our formative years.All of these cases, however, explore the resilience of humankind in face of abandonment and being forced to fend for oneself. See some of the most remarkable, shocking, and heartbreaking stories of feral people below.Dina Sanichar: The Feral Child Who Helped Inspire The Jungle BookWikimedia CommonsA portrait of Dina Sanichar taken when he was a young man, at some point after his rescue.Raised by wolves in Indias Uttar Pradesh jungle, Dina Sanichar spent the first few years of his life thinking that he was a wolf. Its believed that he never learned how to interact with human beings until hunters found him in 1867 and took him to an orphanage. There, he spent years attempting to adapt to human behavior inspiring Rudyard Kiplings The Jungle Book.But Sanichars story was no fairytale. The hunters had first encountered Sanichar at a wolf den, where they were shocked to see a six-year-old boy living among the pack. They decided it wasnt safe for the child to be out in the jungle, and so they decided to transport him to civilization.However, the hunters realized early on that they would have difficulty communicating with Sanichar, as he behaved much like a wolf would by walking on all fours and only speaking in wolf-like grunts and howls. Ultimately, the hunters smoked the pack out of the cave and killed the mother wolf before taking the feral child back with them.Taken to Sikandra Mission Orphanage in the city of Agra, Sanichar was welcomed by the missionaries there. They gave him a name and observed his animal-like behavior. Even though he was no longer with the animals, he continued to walk on all fours and howl like a wolf.Sanichar would only accept raw meat as food, and sometimes even chewed on bones to sharpen his teeth a skill he had clearly learned out in the wild. Before long, he became better known as the Wolf Boy.Though missionaries attempted to teach him sign language by pointing, it was soon clear that would be a lost cause. After all, since wolves have no fingers, they arent able to point to anything at all. So Sanichar likely had no idea what the missionaries were doing when they pointed their fingers.Wikimedia CommonsSanichar eventually learned how to dress himself and became a smoker.That said, Sanichar was able to make some progress while at the orphanage. He learned how to walk upright, put his own clothes on, and eat from a plate (although he always sniffed his food before eating it). Perhaps the most human trait of all that he picked up was smoking cigarettes.But despite the strides he made, Sanichar never learned a human language or fully adjusted to life among other people at the orphanage. He ultimately died of tuberculosis in 1895 when he was just 35 years old.Genie Wiley: The Feral Child Subjected To Extreme Isolation And AbuseWeird History/FacebookGenie Wileys father isolated and abused her for 13 years.When it comes to feral children found in America, perhaps none of them have suffered as much cruelty as Genie Wiley. Born in 1957 near Los Angeles, she endured horrific abuse at the hands of her father Clark Wiley.For 13 years, Clark kept Genie isolated in a room that was more akin to a prison cell. Most of the time, Genie was kept strapped into a toddler toilet, and sometimes she was even placed in an actual cage. When Clark wasnt beating her with a plank of wood, he was growling at her like a rabid dog.Most crucially, Genie had almost no interaction with anyone else but her immediate family during those formative years and was never allowed outside until she and her mother Irene escaped the home in 1970. Since Irene was nearly blind, she would later claim that her disability prevented her from helping Genie while her daughter was being abused.Shortly after fleeing the home, Irene accidentally walked into a Los Angeles social services office instead of an office that offered aid to the blind. Welfare workers took one look at Genie and immediately knew that she was in need of their help. At first, they thought that she might simply be autistic but then they learned the grim truth about the feral child.Wikimedia CommonsGenie Wiley was studied by scientists for four years before being placed back in the care of her mother.Child abuse cases were opened against both of Genies parents, but Irene was able to convince authorities to drop the case against her, claiming she was also a victim. As for Clark, he killed himself instead of facing his trial, leaving behind a note that read: The world will never understand. What the National Institute of Mental Health desperately wanted to understand, however, was how extreme isolation in a persons formative years shaped their lives. And a group of scientists was highly interested in finding out what part language has in a persons development and vice versa. They saw Genie as a blank slate an ideal opportunity for research.So, from 1971 to 1975, Genie was subjected to scientific experimentation at the behest of the researchers. During this time, experts made some discoveries. For example, Genie disproved the theory that one could not learn a language after puberty (though she struggled with grammar). However, many felt this experimentation was too rigorous to be ethical.Many of the scientists were also accused of having a conflict of interest, as she lived with many of them during the study. In 1979, her mother filed a lawsuit against the hospital and many of the scientists who had studied Genie, claiming that they exploited her for prestige and profit. The suit was settled in 1984, and Genie would cease all contact with the researchers.Though Genie lived with her mother for a brief period, she was eventually placed in foster homes, some of which were abusive. These experiences caused her to regress, and she never recovered from the trauma even when she was removed from the homes and reunited with her mother.And while she is reportedly still alive today in an assisted living facility in Los Angeles, Wiley is believed to be a mere shell of a person.The post From The Real-Life Mowgli To The Human Pet, Learn The Bizarre Stories Of 9 Feral Children From History appeared first on All That's Interesting.

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