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Explore Faro Old Town Vila Adentro to unravel the remains of the Phoenician, Roman, and Moorish occupations. The stunning historical landmarks, narrow cobbled streets, and impressive plazas will make you travel back in time. As you wander around the city, you will be impressed with each piece of history at every corner. Keep reading to find out all about Faros rich history.Ossnoba: The Phoenician Trading Post and Roman SettlementPhotograph of Faro Old City, by Carolien Coenen, 2021. Source: FlickrThe earliest evidence of a settlement in Faro dates from the 4th century BCE. At the time, Faro was called Ossnoba and it was one of the most important trading posts in southern Portugal. Here, people would trade local produce, fish, and more.During the Phoenician colonization, Ossnoba was quite different from what it looks like today. The sea level was two to three meters (up to 10 feet) higher than it is today, resulting in a floodable coastline. The city became a system of hills and canals, dependent on the sea tides.The main canal ran from present-day Ribeira das Lavadeiras, along So Lus Road and Belmaro Palace and around S Hill on both sides.Photograph of Roman mosaic of Oceanus, by Hugo Rodrigues, 2018. Source: Sul InformaoIn the 3rd century BCE, the Carthaginians and Romans fought for control of the Mediterranean. Eventually, the Romans won and ruled the Iberian Peninsula until the 5th century CE.Although Ossnoba was founded by the Phoenicians, long-time historians believed it was the Romans who founded the city proper. They believe this is due to the citys economic and political growth.During the Roman occupation, Ossonoba was a fully coastal town. Over the centuries, the ocean currents and winds dragged sand to the shoreline, creating a system of dunes, islands, and marshes known today as Ria Formosa Natural Park. Due to Ossonobas location, the city enjoyed privileged access to the ocean. As a result, Ossnoba was also a fishing center with several fish processing facilities.Although Faros location is slightly further inland than Ossonobas, archeologists continue to find Roman artifacts throughout the city. For instance, in Santo Antnio Street, excavations have revealed human remains, roof tiles, and amphorae.At the city museum, you can admire one of the most impressive pieces ever found in Faro: a mosaic of the mythological figure Oceanus. Due to its magnificence, it is classified as a National Treasure. On the city outskirts lies Milreu, a Roman village that is one of the most well-preserved Roman ruins in the Algarve.Throughout the 4th century, the Roman Empire declined, reaching its end in the following century. As happened in other cities in the Iberian Peninsula, Ossnoba experienced a gradual decline as the city and its surroundings were abandoned. Over the centuries that followed, Roman ruins became the foundation for newer buildings.With the Barbarian invasions, Ossnoba was occupied by the Visigoths. Roman temples became Christian churches, and the city became the head of the bishopric under Visigothic rule.The Moorish Santa Maria Ibn HarunOld street, Faro, photo by micheile henderson. Source: UnsplashThe year 711 left deep marks on the Iberian Peninsula. The Moorish armies led by Tariq ibn Ziad crossed the Gibraltar Strait and progressively conquered what is now Portugal and Spain. In 713, Ossnoba was also conquered.The city was severely damaged after the Moorish arrival. Their plans to rebuild the city started with Vila Adentro, an iconic neighborhood in the historic center of Faro City. They kept its main structure and built a Mosque. During this period, there was a solid community of Christians and Mozarabs, Roman and Visigoth descendants. This is why historians believe the Moors allowed some level of religious tolerance.With the foundation of the Al-Andalus caliphate, the territory was divided into several provinces. Ossnoba was the capital of an independent principate and adopted a new name: Shantamariya al-Gharb. Due to the citys growing influence and importance, its defenses were reinforced.In the 9th century, the Moors renamed the city to Santa Maria Ibn Harun and the city became a cultural mecca. At that time, several influential philosophers and poets lived here.The city was under Roman rule until 1249 when King Afonso IIIs army conquered Faro.The Christian ConquestInterior Faro Cathedral, photo by Michelle Henderson. Source: UnsplashThe Reconquista was not the same in every city and town. In Silves, for instance, there was one of the bloodiest battles in the citys history. In other locations, the Christian armies were welcomed.In Faro, historians have yet to find enough evidence to understand if the conquest of Faro was violent or negotiated. Nevertheless, there are reports of reconstruction works at the castle and ruined sections of the city wall.The Portuguese who decided to settle in Faro built their homes at Vila Adentro. As a result, they repurposed many of the old buildings, including the mosque, which was rebuilt and converted into the Santa Maria Church.Faro grew outside the city walls with the creation of the new Mouraria and Judiaria neighborhoods, where Moorish and Jews lived. Mouraria occupied the area of present-day Santo Antnio cinema and was an essential area for vegetable gardens. The Jewish quarter, located to the south, adjoined Alagoa and still contained two synagogues in the 19th century.Where Praa da Liberdade Square stands today was the Alcassarias, the city market overseen by the Moors and Jews. However, the main commercial and industrial street was Rua da Sapataria, present-day 1st of December Street. The dock was located where the Praa D. Francisco Gomes stands today.Due to the citys development, Faros defensive system had two watchtowers. Today, you can visit one of them at Santo Antnio do Alto.Faro: An Expanding CityPhotograph of Faros Cidade Velha, by Nicky Harding, 2024. Source: PixabayBetween the 15th and the end of the 17th century, Faro experienced a period of significant urban expansion. Portuguese discoveries and increasing commercial activity led to the construction of new residential areas and religious buildings.In 1540, King Joo III elevated Faro to city status by granting it a charter. A few years later, King Sebastio transferred the seat of the Bishopric from Silves to Faro. These political strategies helped develop Faro into one of the most influential cities in southern Portugal.A reflection of its importance is the construction of several religious buildings, such as the So Francisco Convent, the Jesuit College, and the So Pedro and Our Lady of Hope churches.Throughout the 17th century, Faro continued to expand. As a result, in 1660, a second line of walls was completed. Although only a few remains of this defensive building still stand today, it helped define the street layout, as the city grew.During this period, Faro built Santo Antnio dos Capuchos Convent and P da Cruz Hermitage. It was also in the 17th century that the old town area was defined, marking the end of an organic expansion.The End of an EraFrancisco Gomes de Avelar statue, Faro, photo by Richard James. Source: UnsplashFaro was a thriving city in the 17th century. However, that all changed on the morning of the 1st of November 1755.A massive earthquake, followed by a 65-foot tsunami, which was felt across the Atlantic, devastated much of the Portuguese coastline between Lisbon and Vila Real de Santo Antnio. Unfortunately, Faro was no exception.Most of the religious buildings were devastated, as well as the city walls, the castle and its towers, the costumes building, and the So Francisco and Santa Clara Convents. Although some of these buildings were recovered, others never returned to their former glory.Over the next few centuries, Faro recovered from this indescribable catastrophe. Today, Faro is the largest city in the Algarve and the regions political and administrative capital.

In the legends of King Arthur, the leader of the Britons is most famous for fighting against the Saxons during their conquest of Britain. Most scholars acknowledge that this may have a factual basis. However, at least as early as the 12th century, King Arthur is also presented as fighting against the Romans in continental Europe. Unlike his battles against the Saxons, this has no obvious historical basis. Was it just completely fictional? Or might this part of the legend have been based on real events?The Legend of King Arthur Conquering EuropeKing Arthur in Battle, 12th-century illumination. Source: PocketmagThis aspect of the legend appears most famously in the Historia Regum Britanniae, written by Geoffrey of Monmouth in c. 1137. In this version, King Arthur establishes peace in Britain and rules it for twelve years. Then, he decides to engage in further conquests, expanding his domain outside of Britain. He invades Scandinavia first, and then he attacks Gaul. The account presents Gaul as still being governed by the Romans. Arthur meets the Roman leader of the country and kills him. Progressively, Arthur conquers the entirety of Gaul.A few years later, after returning to Britain, the Romans send Arthur a letter demanding that he pay them tribute. This incites Arthur to anger, and the king raises a massive army to attack Rome itself. In response, Rome raises a large army too, involving many foreign nations. The two sides meet at a valley called Siesia. It is a bloody battle and many of Arthurs men die. However, Arthur eventually comes off victorious.Did Geoffrey of Monmouth Invent the Legend?Statue of Geoffrey of Monmouth at Tintern Station, Wales. Source: Visit MonmouthshireThe legend of King Arthur is set in the 6th century. The Historia Regum Britanniae places Arthurs death in 542 (although occasionally dates in medieval British records were backdated by some 30 years). Although this was the Dark Age in some senses, we do have enough records from this period to know that there definitely was not any conquest of Gaul by the Britons in the sixth century.An analysis of the Historia Regum Britanniae shows that it is heavily based on traditional Welsh and Breton tales. However, it is generally thought that Geoffrey liberally added things to the existing traditions he found. On this basis, many have assumed that Geoffrey simply invented the European conquest to add to the glory of King Arthurs legendary reign. However, there is strong evidence that this is not really the case. We actually see a definite trace of Arthurs European campaign in Welsh tradition that predates (or at least is independent of) Geoffrey of Monmouth.The European Conquest in Welsh TraditionStart of Culhwch and Olwen, folio 200v of the Red Book of Hergest, c. 1400. Source: Bodleian Library, OxfordA Welsh tale called Culhwch and Olwen dates to approximately 1100. The exact date is unknown, but it is universally recognized as being independent of Geoffrey of Monmouth, even if it did not actually predate him. In this tale, Arthur is said to have fought in various places. The first identifiable location is Llychlyn, which is the medieval Welsh term often used for Scandinavia. Afterward, the text mentions Europe and Africa and the islands of Corsica. Next, the text mentions that Arthur conquered Greece as far as the east. The text also mentions Greater India and Lesser India right at the beginning of this passage. However, in view of this placement, this is likely not a reference to the country we call India.While not precisely the same as the legend recorded by Geoffrey of Monmouth, we can see that this is a tale of Arthur fighting in what is apparently Scandinavia, and then afterward in Europe generally. This indicates that Geoffreys account really does stem, at least in essence if not in all the details, from authentic Welsh tradition.A Comparison With Other Welsh LegendsIllustration from the Llanbeblig Book of Hours, possibly depicting Magnus Maximus, 14th century. Source: National Library of WalesBearing in mind the foundation that this tale has in Welsh tradition, what could its origin be? We know that it cannot be based on historical events from the 6th century since nothing like that happened then.It is interesting to think about this description of a leader from Britain engaging in war against the Romans and conquering large parts of Europe and even Africa. On the surface, this sounds very much like the sort of thing that really did happen during the Roman era. A number of usurping emperors emerged out of Britain and conquered large portions of the Western Roman Empire.Is there evidence from Welsh records that one or more of these usurpations made a lasting impact on local legend? As a matter of fact, the usurpation of Magnus Maximus stands out as exceptionally famous among the Welsh. As well as the invasion of Gaul being described in several Welsh sources, Magnus Maximus appears in numerous medieval British genealogies.One of the dynasties allegedly descended from Maximus in the Harleian MS 3859, folio 195r, 12th century. Source: The British LibraryWithout doubt, Magnus Maximus usurpation left a very lasting impression on the Britons, becoming firmly entrenched in later Welsh memory. A number of details about this usurpation strongly indicate that this served as the basis for the legend of King Arthur conquering Europe.For one thing, there is a triad from Welsh tradition that includes the statement that Elen sister of Arthur is said to have gone with Arthur when he went to fight Frollo [Roman ruler of Gaul], and she did not return. Another triad records something almost identical about Elen, the wife of Maximus. It says that she went from Britain with Maximus on his conquests and did not return. It is notable that the Welsh had a virtually identical tradition about two women of the same name, one associated with Arthur and one associated with Maximus. Since both men, according to legend, went out on a campaign into Europe, this lends credence to the suggestion that both traditions actually stem from the same event.The Sequence of EventsBust of Roman Emperor Gratian, photo by Jose Luiz. Source: Wikimedia CommonsFurther support for this suggestion comes from examining the sequence of events in the legend and comparing it with what really happened during Maximus campaign. Recall that King Arthur is said to have met the Roman leader of Gaul (named Frollo) upon his initial attack on the country. Interestingly, most of the army of this Roman leader abandons him and joins Arthurs side. Arthur then pursues him, catches up with him, and kills him in a one-on-one fight.In the case of Maximus, he was confronted by the army of Gratian, the Western Roman Emperor, upon his initial arrival in Gaul. Most of Gratians army abandoned him, joining Maximus. Gratian then fled, but he was pursued by Maximus cavalry commander named Andragathius. This commander then caught up to Gratian and killed him in a one-on-one setting.The similarities between the two events are certainly notable. But if this was the end of the matter, we could probably put this down to coincidence.Coin of Magnus Maximus, 4th century. Source: Gwalter.comHowever, the similarities do not end there. After conquering Gaul, several years are said to have passed before the next conflict. With this next conflict, King Arthur sets out to attack the Romans in Rome. His men clash with a senator named Petreius. After this, in the following year, Arthurs large army engages in a bloody battle against the Roman army, which includes numerous non-Roman allies, at Siesia. Although Geoffrey of Monmouths version presents this as a victory for Arthur, a triad from Welsh tradition refers to Arthurs army as being routed at this battle.Regarding Magnus Maximus, his army set out to attack Italy several years after the initial conflict. Notably, a senator named Petronius Probus was then the regent of the young Valentinian II, based in Italy. Petronius is known to have been an adversary of Maximus. In the following year, 388, the army led by Andragathius met the army of the Eastern Romans at a valley named Siscia. They were supported by various non-Romans, such as the Goths and the Huns. At this battle, Andragathius army was routed.Andragathius, the Arthur Figure of the StoryIllustration of King Arthur fighting the Saxons from the Rochefoucauld Grail Manuscript, 14th century. Source: The IndependentIt is evident that the two campaigns share some fascinating similarities. It is no wonder that a number of scholars over the years (including the renowned David Dumville) have suggested that Maximus campaign was the basis for King Arthurs legendary European conquest. We should note, however, that a comparison of the two sequences of events suggests that it is specifically Andragathius who can be identified as the Arthur figure from the account. After all, it is Andragathius who, like Arthur, pursued and personally killed the Roman leader of Gaul, not Maximus. It is Andragathius who, like Arthur, led the army which was ultimately routed at Siscia, not Maximus. Furthermore, if Maximus himself had been the protagonist behind this legend, then why was Arthur not described as becoming emperor?Contemporary Roman histories inform us that Maximus gave the general direction of the war to Andragathius. Therefore, the idea that Andragathius in particular could have been remembered as the protagonist of this grand conquest is not at all surprising or unlikely.King Arthurs Historical Conquest of EuropeOpening lines of the Welsh legend The Dream of Macsen Wledig, Peniarth MS 14. Source: Arthurian WebIt is evident that the legend of King Arthurs European campaign really did come from Magnus Maximus usurpation of the Western Roman Empire, as some prominent scholars have argued. In a sense, then, this legend about King Arthur is not fictional, it is just misplaced. It appears that the Arthur figure of this particular legend can be identified with Andragathius. He was a cavalry commander in Maximus army, and he was the one who was responsible for the general direction of the war. Some of Arthurs actions in the legend can be associated with Andragathius directly.The question of whether Andragathius can be identified in Welsh tradition independently of the legends of King Arthur is another matter. It is possible that he can, although this issue has generally not been given much attention, meaning that very little literature has been written about it. Further research may well shed more light on Andragathius presence in Welsh tradition and also on how he contributed to the legends of King Arthur.

What's the best F1 25 Saudi Arabia setup? While the race weekend has only been part of the calendar for a few years, it's one of the biggest fan-favorites of the first half of the season. Not only is it a good spectacle, but it's also one of the most challenging in the game.Therefore, your setup for Saudi Arabia in F1 25 needs to be altered from what you used for the likes of Japan and China. This year's racing game introduced some new mechanics you need to get used to, and also means that the setups that'll give you the best chance of scoring points are different to last year's game. Continue reading F1 25 Saudi Arabia setupMORE FROM PCGAMESN: F1 25 review, F1 25 Australia setup, F1 25 China setup

World of Warcraft Season of Discovery is being brought to a close as Blizzards WoW Classic team moves onto building something new. The creative twist on the MMORPG takes players back to the early days, offering the potential to unlock new abilities outside of your standard skill set that can entirely transform the way classes are played. Following the launch of the Scarlet Enclave raid in April, however, the developer confirms that its now planning to slow down work on SoD, although it reassures players that realms will remain open for the foreseeable future. Continue reading World of Warcraft Season of Discovery is coming to an end as new project beginsMORE FROM PCGAMESN: Best MMORPGs, WoW The War Within review, The best WoW addons