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Medgar Evers was one of the most important figures in the Civil Rights Era. After returning home from WWII, he was upset to find that despite the fact that he had fought for his country, he was still considered a second-class citizen. This led him to fight for equality during the Civil Rights Movement. Despite being assassinated in 1963 by a member of the KKK, his efforts in the fight for equality live on.1. He Was an Army Veteran and Fought in WWIIMedgar Evers in uniform, 1943-5. Source: TIMEMedgar Evers was born the third of four children to James and Jessie Evers in Decatur, Mississippi, on July 2, 1925. Evers grew up in a time and place where African Americans were viewed as second-class citizens. The Mississippi of Everss time separated Black and white citizens in all public places. There were white and Black bathrooms, water fountains, grocery stores, and even movie theaters. While these separate conditions were supposed to be equal to one another, that was never the case.Despite not being able to enjoy the same level of life as white Mississippians, Evers enlisted in the United States Army at the age of 17 in 1943 during WWII. He served in the 657th Port Company, a segregated unit, and was involved in several important battles, including the D-Day landings on Normandy Beach. Evers was discharged in 1946, having earned three medals for his service.While in the service, Evers grew discouraged by the fact that he was fighting for a peoples freedom half a world away from his own while those closest to him were treated so poorly.2. He Was Rejected From Law School Based on His RaceMedgar Evers, 1963. Source: Wikimedia CommonsEvers returned home from the war energized to begin the fight for racial equality. In Everss view, the best way to accomplish that task was to gain a formal education. Using the GI Bill, Evers attended the all Black Alcorn Agricultural and Mechanical school, graduating in 1954 with a bachelors degree. After the Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court ruling in 1954, which mandated that segregation in public schools was illegal, Evers decided to attend law school.A resident of Mississippi, Evers applied to the University of Mississippi School of Law in 1955. At the time, there were no law schools in Mississippi for African Americans that Evers could attend. His application was a test case for the NAACP. The organization fought for Civil Rights by using the Federal Judicial system.Everss application became a test case for the NAACP to see if the historically segregated university would obey the ruling by the Supreme Court. Shortly after his application was submitted, Evers was rejected solely based on having identified as Black on the universitys official documents. Several years later, Evers would play a key role in the integration of the same university by James Meredith.3. He Was the First Field Secretary for the NAACP in MississippiLeaders of the NAACP, Henry L. Moon, Roy Wilkins, Herbert Hill, Thurgood Marshall, 1956. Source: Library of CongressDespite never earning his law degree, on November 24, 1954, Medgar Evers was elected the first field secretary of the NAACP in Mississippi and served in that capacity until his assassination in 1963. While the NAACP primarily advocated for Civil Rights via lawsuits, Evers could not defend clients in a court of law. His role meant he was the head of the organization in that state.As Field Secretary, Evers spent his days traveling around the state organizing peaceful protests, economic and political boycotts, sit-ins, and voter registration drives. These efforts, along with James Merediths integration of the University of Mississippi, were a crucial step in the NAACPs mission of bringing attention to the struggles of African Americans in the state. Evers worked tirelessly for racial equality during his time as field secretary, earning the nickname the Man in Mississippi from other Civil Rights organizers.4. He Investigated the Murder of Emmett TillEmmett Till, murder trial commemorative plaque, photo by Jimmy Emerson. Source: FlickrIn 1955, Emmett Till, a 14-year-old boy from Chicago, was found in the Tallahatchie River. Whether or not Till was a victim of a crime or just a tragic accident was not in question, given the state in which Till was discovered.As the head of the NAACP in the state where Till was found, Medgar Evers began investigating the murder. His discoveries led to two men, JW Milam and Roy Bryant, being charged with Tills murder. Their motive was that Till had whistled at the wife of Roy Bryant, Caroline.Bryant and Milam were found not guilty by an all-white jury in 1955. A year later, Milam and Bryant confessed in an interview that they had done what they were charged with doing. In the final years of her life, Caroline Bryant confessed that Till had never made any advances towards her and the claim was all a fabrication. This investigation, orchestrated by Evers along with his other work during the Civil Rights Movement, made him a target of the White Citizens Council in Mississippi. He was constantly under threat of violence. Just before his murder, members of the KKK threw a Molotov cocktail through the front window of his home.5. He Was Assassinated in His DrivewayGrave of Medgar Evers. Source: Library of CongressIn the early morning hours of June 12, 1963, Medgar Evers was returning home from an NAACP meeting. As he emerged from his car, a shot rang out from across the street of the Evers home. Evers was found by his wife, Myrlie, shortly after and was rushed to the local hospital in Jackson, Mississippi. He was initially denied attention at the hospital as it did not allow Black people to seek treatment. After explaining who the man was, hospital staff agreed to treat Medgar, but it was too late. Evers died less than an hour later. He was only 37 years old.Everss funeral was held on June 18, 1963. His service was attended by hundreds and covered by many national news media outlets. Among those in attendance were other influential figures of the Civil Rights Era, such as Ralph Abernathy and Martin Luther King.Just seventeen days after her husband was assassinated, Myrlie Evers wrote a piece for Life magazine detailing that tragic day and celebrating her husbands life. In the article, one can read about the increasing hostility toward Evers in the weeks leading up to his murder and the fear Myrlie felt every time her husband left the safety of their home.Myrlie, now 91 years old, remarried in 1976. Despite her young age at the time of her first partners death and her subsequent new marriage, she fought for over three decades to bring Medgars killer to justice.6. His Murderer Was Not Convicted Until 1994Rifle that killed Medgar Evers, 1963. Source: Mississippi ArchivesOn June 21, 1963, a member of the White Citizens Council, Byron De La Beckwith, was arrested for the murder of Medgar Evers. Created in 1954 in response to the Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court ruling and headed by a white Judge from Mississippi, the White Citizens Council investigated prominent Civil Rights organizers such as Evers. The Council grew in size over the next few years, becoming more violent. As organizers made headway towards Civil Rights, the Council began increasing their attacks on Black businesses, homes, and places of worship. The tension came to a boiling point in 1963 when Evers was killed in front of his home.All white juries in February and April of 1964 did not convict De La Beckwith of murder. In 1994, new evidence emerged from Jerry Mitchell, an investigative journalist with the Jackson, Mississippi-based newspaper The Clarion Ledger. While the physical evidence was essentially the same as at the original trials, the new evidence consisted of several eyewitness testimonies from citizens who either overheard or were told directly by De La Beckwith that he murdered Medgar Evers. One of these occurrences was at a KKK rally. This evidence allowed the state to put De La Beckwith back on trial. On February 5, 1994, De La Beckwith was found guilty of murdering Medgar Evers by a jury consisting of eight African Americans and four white citizens of Mississippi. De La Beckwith was sentenced to life in prison over 30 years after taking the life of the Civil Rights leader.7. His Home is Now a Part of the National Park ServiceMedgar Evers House, Jackson, Mississippi. Source: National Parks ServiceAfter her husbands death, Myrlie Evers moved to California. Myrlie continued the work of her late husband, dedicating her life to Civil Rights. In the years since, she has authored several books and served as chairwoman of the NAACP from 1995-1998. She continued to own the home in Mississippi until 1993, when she donated it to Tougaloo College, a local HBCU. In 2020, it was purchased from Tougaloo by the National Park Service and designated as a National Monument on December 12, 2020. It opened up for tours shortly after.

Beneath Tokyos skyscrapers and Kyotos shrines rest millennia of history. For decades, one of the biggest questions in East Asian history was: Who were the first people to live in Japan?DNA testing and dating have shown that the simple idea of a single homogeneous Japanese group descending from a handful of ancestors is inaccurate. Japans ancient past seems to have been influenced by waves of migration from at least two and most likely three distinct groups. First, there were the Jomon Japans hunter-gatherers.Jomon, the First JapaneseFinal Jmon dog (, earthenware figure) figurine, 1000400 BC. Source: Wikimedia CommonsIt all began about 38,000 years ago, long before the end of the last Ice Age. Cut off from mainland Asia by rising seas that covered the land bridges, the Japanese islands became home to a group of hunter-gatherers known as the Jomon. Jomon means cord-marked, which refers to the special pottery that is decorated with rope. Unlike many other hunter-gatherer groups at the time, the Jomon rarely moved, and lived in permanent villages.The Jomon were short, with deep-set eyes and thick brow-ridges. They lived in pit-houses and roamed Japans forests wearing clothes made from bark fibers and animal hides. It is likely their ancestors split from other groups about 20,000 to 15,000 years ago, which is when the Jomon became isolated in Japan as rising waters cut off the land bridges. For nearly 10,000 years before the Yayoi arrived, the Jomon lived as the only people in Japan.The Jomon are believed to have grown plants, like chestnuts, and managed the local forests. They were also spiritual people who made small clay figures known as dogu. Experts believe dogu may have been charms used for fertility or even healing ceremonies.The Immigration of the Farmer-YayoiYayoi period ritual. Source: Wikimedia CommonsBetween 300 BC and 300 AD, travelers from the Korean Peninsula and coastal China, known as Yayoi, made their way to Japan, bringing with them knowledge of rice-farming, metal tools, and weaving.Unlike the Jomon hunters, the Yayoi were farmers who turned Japan from a hunting society into a farming economy centered around rice fields. The change was slow and involved both conflict and mixing. The Yayoi first settled in northern Kyushu before moving east into Honshu, where they went deeper into the forests previously used by the Jomon.The Yayoi built houses with raised floors and lived in large villages led by powerful chiefs. Experts have found old bronze bells called dotaku at Yayoi sites, which show that they, like the Jomon before them, had spiritual beliefs, though theirs were more organized and focused on the farming seasons.Physically, the Yayoi were, on average, taller than the Jomon and had distinct facial features. For many years, experts used a theory called the Dual-Structure Theory, created by scholar Kazuro Hanihara in 1991. Haniharas work hypothesized that modern Japanese people were the result of the Yayoi mixing with local people like the Jomon. While the theory still holds up today, modern DNA tests have changed the story, with studies finding that the amount of Jomon DNA in modern Japanese people is much lower than once thought. The DNA of the main ethnic group in Japan, the Yamato, contains just 10 to 20 percent Jomon markers.A Mystery Wave EmergesModern Han Chinese men wearing hanfu. Wikimedia CommonsTo make things even more complex, Japanese experts now prefer a model they call Triple-Structure to explain the main DNA strains of the populace. In 2021, scientists from Japan, Ireland, and China shared the results of the first DNA study of ancient Japanese remains. In the journal Science Advances (Cooke et al.), ancient DNA results showed that a third, very large wave of people entered Japan during the Kofun period, about 300 700 AD.DNA tests show that the newcomers were mostly East Asian, like the Han Chinese people living in parts of East Asia today. The migrants, along with the Yayoi who came before them, went on to create the first central Japanese state. Experts have also seen an increase in advanced weaving and complex metal tools appearing among the items found from this period.The Mixing of the 3 GroupsJomon skull and restoration model in the Niigata Prefectural Museum of History. Source: Flickr / Wikimedia CommonsDNA tests have shown that this third wave of migrants added a large amount of new DNA to central Japan. The Jomon influence in modern Japanese people is strongest at the ends of the islands, with the Ainu people of Hokkaido and the people of Okinawa having much more Jomon DNA than people on the main island of Honshu.The mixing of Jomon hunters and Yayoi farmers, along with the later Kofun migrants, created the unique Japanese people and culture we recognize today.