What Sets A Pub Apart From A Tavern?...

[View Article at Source]The Hidden Lightness with Jimmy Hinton What makes this case especially alarming is not just the presence of exploitation, but the suggestion that it was allowed to persist

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"Pub" and "tavern" may seem like interchangeable terms these days, but the nature of these establishments, historically, were subtly different.

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During Israel's war with Hamas, we were presented with more than a couple of images that appeared to show six-fingered Palestinian children standing in the rubble. Now, in the war with Iran, images appear

The story of Genie Wiley sounds like the stuff of fairytales: An unwanted, mistreated child survives brutal imprisonment at the hands of her father and is rediscovered and reintroduced to the world in an impossibly youthful state. Unfortunately for Wiley, hers is a dark, real-life tale with no happy ending.Genie Wiley was separated from any form of socialization and society for the first 13 years of her life. Her intensely abusive father and helpless mother so neglected Wiley that she hadnt learned to speak and her growth was so stunted that she looked like she was no more than eight years old.Getty ImagesFor the first 13 years of her life, Genie Wiley suffered unimaginable abuse and neglect at the hands of her parents.Her intense trauma proved something of a godsend to scientists of various fields including psychology and linguistics, though they were later accused of exploiting the child for their research on learning and development. But Genie Wileys case did beg the question: What does it mean to be human?This is the haunting story of Genie Wiley.The Horrifying Upbringing That Turned Genie Wiley Into A Feral ChildGenie isnt the Feral Childs real name. She was given the name to protect her identity once she became a spectacle of scientific research and awe. The home in which Genie Wiley was raised by her abusive parents.Susan Wiley was born in 1957 to Clark Wiley and his much-younger wife Irene Oglesby. Oglesby was a Dust Bowl refugee who had drifted to the Los Angeles area where she met her husband. He was a former assembly-line machinist raised in and out of brothels by his mother. This childhood had a profound effect on Clark, as for the rest of his life he fixated on the figure of his mother.Clark Wiley never wanted children. He hated the noise and stress they brought along. Nonetheless, the first baby girl did come along and Clark left the child in the garage to freeze to death when she wouldnt be quiet. The Wileys second baby died of a congenital defect, and then came along Genie Wiley and her brother John. While her brother also faced their fathers abuse, it was nothing compared to Susans suffering.Though he was always a bit off, the death of Clark Wileys mother by a drunk driver in 1958 seemed to undo him completely. The end to the complicated relationship they shared fanned his cruelty into a bonfire.ApolloEight Genesis/YouTubeGenie Wileys mother was legally blind, which was supposedly the reason why she felt she couldnt intervene on her daughters behalf during the abuse.Clark Wiley decided that his daughter was mentally disabled and that she would be useless to society. Thus, he banished society from her. No one was allowed to interact with the girl who was mostly locked in a blacked-out room or in a makeshift cage. He kept her strapped into a toddler toilet as a sort of straight-jacket, and she wasnt potty-trained.Clark Wiley would hit her with a large plank of wood for any infraction. Hed growl outside her door like a deranged guard dog, instilling a lifelong fear of clawed animals in the girl. Some experts believe sexual abuse may have been involved, due to Wileys later sexually inappropriate behavior, particularly involving older men.In her own words, Genie Wiley, the Feral Child recalled:Father hit arm. Big wood. Genie cry Not spit. Father. Hit face spit. Father hit big stick. Father is angry. Father hit Genie big stick. Father take piece wood hit. Cry. Father make me cry.She had spent 13 years living this way.Genie Wileys Salvation From TormentGenie Wileys mother was nearly blind which she later said kept her from interceding on her daughters behalf. But one day, 14 years after Genie Wileys first introduction to her fathers cruelty, her mother did finally muster her courage and leave.In 1970, she stumbled into social services, mistaking it for the office where theyd give aid to the blind. The office workers antennae were immediately raised when they noticed the young girl acting so strangely, hopping like a bunny instead of walking.Genie Wiley was then nearly 14 but she looked no more than eight.Associated PressClark Wiley (center left) and John Wiley (center right) after the abuse scandal broke open.An abuse case was immediately opened against both parents, but Clark Wiley would kill himself shortly before trial. He left behind a note which read: The world will never understand. Genie became a ward of the state. She knew but a few words when she entered UCLAs Childrens Hospital and was dubbed by medical professionals there as the most profoundly damaged child they had ever seen.Genie Wileys case soon enchanted scientists and physicians who applied for and were awarded a grant by the National Institute of Mental Health to study her. The team explored the Developmental Consequence of Extreme Social Isolation for four years from 1971 to 1975.For those four years, Genie Wiley became the center of these scientists lives. She wasnt socialized, and her behavior was distasteful, began Susie Curtiss, a linguist intimately involved in the feral child study, but she just captivated us with her beauty.But also for those four years, Wileys case tested the ethics of a relationship between a subject and their researcher. Genie Wiley would come to live with many of the team members who observed her which was not only a huge conflict of interest but also potentially begat another abusive relationship in her life.Researchers Begin Experimenting On The Feral ChildApolloEight Genesis/YouTubeFor four years, Genie the Feral Child was subject to scientific experimentation that some felt was too intense to be ethical.Genie Wileys discovery timed precisely with an uptick in the scientific study of language. To language scientists, Wiley was a blank slate, a way to understand what part language has in our development and vice versa. In a twist of dramatic irony, Genie Wiley now became deeply wanted. One of the foremost tasks of the Genie Team was to establish which came first: Wileys abuse or her lapse in development. Did Wileys developmental delay come as a symptom of her abuse, or was Wiley born challenged? Up until the late 1960s, it was largely believed by linguists that children could not learn language after puberty. But Genie the Feral Child disproved this. She had a thirst for learning and curiosity and her researchers found her highly communicative. It turned out that Wiley could learn language, but grammar and sentence structure was another thing entirely.She was smart, Curtiss said. She could hold a set of pictures so they told a story. She could create all sorts of complex structures from sticks. She had other signs of intelligence. The lights were on.Genie Wiley showed that grammar becomes inexplicable to children without training between five and 10, but communication and language remains entirely attainable. Wileys case also posed some more existential questions about the human experience.Does language make us human? Thats a tough question, said Curtiss. Its possible to know very little language and still be fully human, to love, form relationships and engage with the world. Genie definitely engaged with the world. She could draw in ways you would know exactly what she was communicating.TLCSusan Curtiss, a UCLA linguistics professor, helps Genie the Feral Child to find her voice.As such, Wiley could construct simple phrases to convey what she wanted or was thinking, like applesauce buy store, but the nuances of a more sophisticated sentence structure were out of her grasp. This demonstrated that language is different from thought.Curtiss explained that For many of us, our thoughts are verbally encoded. For Genie Wiley, her thoughts were virtually never verbally encoded, but there are many ways to think.Genie the Feral Childs case did help to establish that there is a point beyond which total language fluency is impossible if the subject does not already speak one language fluently.According to Psychology Today:The case of Genie confirms that there is a certain window of opportunity that sets the limit for when you can become relatively fluent in a language. Of course, if you already are fluent in another language, the brain is already primed for language acquisition and you may well succeed in becoming fluent in a second or third language. If you have no experience with grammar, however, Brocas area remains relatively hard to change: you cannot learn grammatical language production later on in life.The Continued Exploitation Of Genie WileyFor all their contributions to understanding human nature, the Genie Team was not without its critics. For one thing, each of the scientists on the team accused each other of abusing their position and relationships with Genie Wiley the feral child.For instance, in 1971, language teacher Jean Butler obtained permission to bring Wiley home with her for socialization purposes. Butler was able to contribute some integral insights on Wiley in this environment, including the feral childs fascination with collecting buckets and other containers that stored liquid, a common trait amongst other children who have faced extreme isolation. She also saw that Genie Wiley was beginning puberty at this time, a sign that her health was strengthening.The arrangement went along well enough for a time until Butler claimed she caught Rubella and would need to quarantine herself and Wiley. Their temporary situation turned more permanent. Butler turned away the other physicians on the Genie Team claiming that they were subjecting her to too much scrutiny. She applied for the foster care of Wiley as well.Later, Butler was accused by other members of the team of exploiting Wiley. They said Butler believed her young ward would make her the next Anne Sullivan, the teacher who helped Helen Keller to become more than invalid.As such, Genie Wiley later went to live with the family of therapist David Rigler, another member of the Genie Team. As far as Genie Wileys luck would allow, this seemed to be a good fit for her and a time to develop and discover the world with people who genuinely cared for her well-being. The arrangement also gave the Genie Team more access to her. As Curtiss later wrote in her book Genie: A Psycholinguistic Study of a Modern-Day Wild Child: One particularly striking memory of those early months was an absolutely wonderful man who was a butcher, and he never asked her name, he never asked anything about her. They just connected and communicated somehow. And every time we came in and I know this was so with others, as well He would slide open the little window and hand her something that wasnt wrapped, a bone of some sort, some meat, fish, whatever. And he would allow her to do her thing with it, and to do her thing, what her thing was, basically, was to explore it tactilely, to put it up against her lips and feel it with her lips and touch it, almost as if she were blind.Wiley remained an expert in non-verbal communication and had a way of expressing her thoughts to people even if she couldnt speak to them.Rigler, too, recalled how one time a father and his young son carrying a fire engine passed by Genie Wiley. And they just passed, Rigler remembered. And then they turned around and came back, and the boy, without a word, handed the fire engine to Genie. She never asked for it. She never said a word. She did this kind of thing, somehow, to people.Despite the progress she displayed at the Riglers, once the funding ended for the study in 1975, Wiley went to live with her mother for a brief period. In 1979, her mother filed a lawsuit against the hospital and her daughters individual caregivers, including the scientists on the Genie Team, alleging they exploited Wiley for prestige and profit. The suit was settled in 1984 and Wileys contact with her researchers all but entirely severed.Wikimedia CommonsGenie Wiley was returned to foster care after the research on her ended. She regressed in these environments and never regained speech.Wiley was eventually placed in a number of foster homes, some of which were also abusive. There Wiley was beaten for vomiting and regressed greatly. She never regained the progress she had made.Genie Wiley TodayGenie Wileys present life is little-known; once her mother took custody, she refused to let her daughter be the subject of any more studies. Like so many people with special needs, she fell through the cracks of proper care.Wileys mother died in 2003, her brother John in 2011, and her niece Pamela in 2012. Russ Rymer, a journalist, tried to piece together what led to the dissolution of Wileys team, but he found the task challenging as the scientists had all divided on who was exploitative and who had the feral childs best interests in mind. The tremendous rift complicated my reporting, Rymer said. That was also part of the breakdown that turned her treatment into such a tragedy.He later recalled visiting Susan Wiley on her 27th birthday and seeing:A large, bumbling woman with a facial expression of cowlike incomprehension her eyes focus poorly on the cake. Her dark hair has been hacked off raggedly at the top of her forehead, giving her the aspect of an asylum inmate.Despite this, Genie Wiley is not forgotten by those that cared about her.Im pretty sure shes still alive because Ive asked each time I called and they told me shes well, Curtiss said. They never let me have any contact with her. Ive become powerless in my attempts to visit her or write to her. I think my last contact was in the early 1980s.Curtiss added in a 2008 interview that she has spent the last 20 years looking for her I can get as far as the social worker in charge of her case, but I cant get any farther.As of 2008, Wiley was in an assisted living facility in Los Angeles.Genie Wileys story is not a happy one as she drifted from one abusive situation to another, and by all accounts, was denied and failed by society at every step. But, one can hope that wherever she is, she continues to find joy in discovering the still-new world around her, and instills in others the fascination and affection that she had for her researchers.After this look at Genie Wiley the Feral Child, read about teenage murderer Zachary Davis and Louise Turpin, the woman who kept her children captive for decades.The post Abandoned, Abused, And Exploited: Inside The Tragic Life Of The Genie Wiley appeared first on All That's Interesting.

In 1845, seasoned naval commander Sir John Franklin set out to seek the Northwest Passage aboard two ships, the HMS Terror and HMS Erebus. The Terror, in particular, was an impressive ship. Initially built as a bomb vessel, it had participated in multiple skirmishes in the War of 1812.In order to endure the harsh conditions of the Arctic, the Terror and Erebus were also substantially reinforced with iron plating capable of crushing through the ice. But despite their hardiness, both ships disappeared with the crew of the Franklin Expedition shortly after setting sail.Wikimedia CommonsThe HMS Terror survived oceanic warfare before meeting its end on Sir John Franklins doomed expedition.It would be roughly 170 years before anyone saw the Erebus or the Terror again, but this time, they were at the bottom of an Arctic bay. Historians have since attempted to piece together their final days which included a grueling mixture of desperation, starvation, and cannibalization.This is the harrowing story of the HMS Terror, from its promising beginnings to its disappearance in the Arctic to the discovery of its sunken wreck.The HMS Terror Embarks On The Franklin ExpeditionIn May 1845, accomplished explorer Sir John Franklin was tapped by the English Royal Navy to locate the lucrative Northwest Passage. All the worlds major powers had long searched for the trade route, which was a theoretical Arctic connection between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Wikimedia CommonsSir John Franklin was an accomplished explorer, and and had sought the Northwest Passage before.This would not be Terrors first dangerous expedition. Launched in 1813, Terror saw action in the War of 1812 and even participated in the battle that inspired Francis Scott Key to write The Star-Spangled Banner. After its military service, the ship also ventured to the Arctic in 1836 and the Antarctic in the 1840s, and survived treacherous conditions in icy, stormy seas. Thus, by all accounts, Terror was seemingly well-prepared to brave Franklins expedition, and both the Terror and its sister ship, Erebus, were consequently equipped with robust, iron-layered hulls and steam engines. These were among the most advanced equipment available at the time.Together, the ships carried 129 men, as well as enough food to feed them for three years. According to Parks Canada, the HMS Terror and Erebus had 36,000 pounds of biscuits, 33,000 pounds of canned meat, almost 9,000 pounds of canned vegetables, 9,000 pounds of chocolate, and 3,684 gallons of spirits. The ships also had 7,000 pounds of tobacco and 2,700 pounds of candle wax as well as a dog, cat, and even a monkey.Setting off on May 19, 1845, the ships made stops in Scotlands Orkney Islands and in Greenland, and then set course for Arctic Canada in hopes of finding the Northwest Passage. The last time anyone saw either of them was that July, when two whaling vessels spotted the ships in Baffin Bay.Neither would be seen again for more than a century.The Final Days Of The Terror And The ErebusRoyal Museums GreenwichA depiction of the HMS Terror in 1837, when it had previously braved the treacherous conditions of the Arctic. What happened to the HMS Terror after it was seen in July 1845?While the exact sequence of events remains shrouded in mystery, the men of the Franklin Expedition left behind an important clue in the form of two notes, which were discovered in a stone cairn at Victory Point in 1859. The first note, written in May 1847, struck an optimistic tone. It explained that both ships had wintered in the ice, that Franklin was in command, and that conditions were All well. But roughly a year later, a second note left in April 1848 recounted a different story. Written by Francis Crozier, the second-in-command of the Terror, and James Fitzjames, the captain of the Erebus, this later missive struck a much grimmer note. It stated that both the Terror and the Erebus were beset by ice and had been abandoned. Whats more, 24 men had died, including Franklin. The captain had perished in June 1847, leaving Crozier in charge. The 105 survivors planned to head south toward the Great Fish River. But none of them would make it. National Maritime Museum, LondonOne of the Victory Point notes. While the first of the two notes was optimistic, the second was much grimmer.Instead, the surviving crew members of the HMS Terror and the HMS Erebus would succumb to scurvy, starvation, and even cannibalization. The Grim Fate Of The Franklin ExpeditionAfter two years had passed without any word from the HMS Terror or the HMS Erebus, the British Royal Navy organized a search mission. Dozens of expeditions were sent into the Arctic, but it wasnt until the 1850s that they began to find evidence of what had happened to the Franklin Expedition.In 1850, an expedition to Beechey Island discovered evidence of a camp from the winter of 1845-46 and the graves of three men: Petty Officer John Torrington, Royal Marine Private William Braine, and Able Seaman John Hartnell.In the 1980s, the three mens mummified remains were exhumed and studied. They had each died early in the expedition, and had been ill at the time of their death: Torrington had pneumonia, Braine had tuberculosis, and Hartnell was badly malnourished. All three also had high levels of lead, suggesting that the crews of the HMS Terror and the HMS Erebus had been weakened by lead poisoning, possibly from their tinned food.Brian SpenceleyThe preserved body of John Torrington, now a mummified corpse still buried in the Canadian arctic.But what about the men who had survived for longer?As the local Inuits told the British search-and-rescue missions from the start, there were piles of human bones scattered around the area. Many of these skeletal remains were cracked in half suggested that Franklins men likely resorted to cannibalism. In 1854, Scottish explorer John Rae, who had spoken to the Inuits, wrote that From the mutilated state of many of the bodies, it is evident that our wretched countrymen had been driven to the last dread alternative [i.e., cannibalism] as a means of sustaining life.Many refused to believe Raes account at the time, but researchers in the 1980s and 1990s discovered knife marks on additional skeletal remains on King William Island. This all but confirmed that after abandoning the Terror and the Erebus a starving, desperate crew had turned to cannibalism to survive. These wretched survivors, in turn, had seemingly died from pneumonia, tuberculosis, starvation, scurvy, and lead poisoning.But what happened to their ships? The Rediscovery Of The HMS Erebus And The HMS TerrorParks Canada, Underwater Archaeology TeamThe Parks Canada team hosted seven dives, during which they used remotely-operated underwater drones.Though expeditions to the Arctic in the 1850s offered a good idea of what had happened to the men of the Franklin Expedition, it would take far longer to determine the fates of the HMS Erebus and the HMS Terror. The Erebus wasnt found until 2014, sunk in 36 feet of water off King William Island. Two years later, Terror was located about 45 miles away, about 80 feet deep. The ship is amazingly intact, Ryan Harris, a Parks Canada archaeologist, told National Geographic in 2019. You look at it and find it hard to believe this is a 170-year-old shipwreck. You just dont see this kind of thing very often.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OxyTZ3F7mkA/embed]With the help of local Inuits, the Parks Canada team was able to conduct seven dives in 2019 to create a 3D map of the Terror. The crew sent remote-operated drones into the ship through the main hatchway, the crew cabin skylights, the officers mess hall, and the captains stateroom.We were able to explore 20 cabins and compartments, going from room to room, Harris explained. The doors were all eerily wide open.Indeed, the HMS Terror appear frozen in time after nearly two centuries in the depths of the Arctic archipelago. Plates and glasses are still shelved. Beds and desks are in position. Scientific instruments remain in their cases. Whats more, blankets of sediment on the ship along with cold water and darkness has likely preserved delicate organics. This means that paper items like journals and charts could potentially be salvaged. Parks CanadaCutlery, journals, and scientific instruments found inside the HMS Terror all seem to be perfectly intact after nearly two centuries underwater.As such, the story of the HMS Terror continues. Located in the freezing waters of the Arctic almost two centuries after it first vanished, it may still contain clues about the final days of the doomed Franklin Expedition.After this learning about the HMS Terror, check out five more intriguing shipwrecks. Then, take a look at 11 sunken ships found around the world.The post The HMS <em>Terror</em>, The Doomed Ship From The Franklin Expedition That Vanished In The Arctic And Wasnt Seen Again For 171 Years appeared first on All That's Interesting.

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