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A team of astrophysicists, cosmologists, and physicists has developed a novel way to compute the Hubble constant using gravitational waves. As our capability to observe gravitational waves improves in the future, this new method could be used to make even more accurate measurements of the Hubble constant, bringing scientists closer to resolving the Hubble tension.

Vitor SilvaA depiction of Tanyka amnicola, the prehistoric, salamander-like creature discovered in Brazil.During an expedition to Brazil, a team of paleontologists unearthed a prehistoric fossilized jawbone from a riverbed. The bone was strange, oriented sideways to the point that paleontologists initially thought theyd found the remains of a deformed animal. But then they found eight similar bones, confirming that theyd actually discovered a bizarre new species.The species, dubbed Tanyka amnicola, was a highly unusual tetrapod that lived in whats now Brazil some 275 million years ago. Though many questions about this odd animal remain, its twisted jaw with teeth pointing out to the sides has already secured it a unique place in the annals of paleontology.A Really Strange Animal: The Discovery Of Tanyka Amnicola In BrazilAccording to a statement from the Field Museum in Chicago, paleontologists found the first jawbone during fieldwork in Brazil, near the Amazon. To their surprise, the bone was oddly twisted, with some teeth pointed out and to the sides, and numerous smaller teeth lining the inside of the jaws.Ken Angielczyk/Field MuseumA jawbone from the newly-discovered species Tanyka amnicola, the remains of which were first found in Brazil.At first, they thought that the fossilized jawbone was a deformity. However, they then found eight more jawbones with the exact same configuration.The jaw has this weird twist that drove us crazy trying to figure it out. We were scratching our heads over this for years, wondering if it was some kind of deformation, said Jason Pardo, the lead author of a new study about the species that was published in Proceedings of the Royal Society B. But at this point, weve got nine jaws from this animal, and they all have this twist, including the really, really well-preserved ones. So its not a deformation, its just the way the animal was made.The new species, known as Tanyka amnicola (Tanyka meaning jaw and amnicola meaning living by the river in the local Indigenous Guaran language), lived in the region some 275 million years ago. So far, paleontologists have only found its jawbone, which includes a set of large teeth pointing to the side, as well as smaller teeth called denticles on the surface of its jawbone that are similar to a cheese grater.Ken Angielczyk/Field MuseumTanyka amnicola had denticles on its jawbone, which would have helped the creature grind up its food.We expect the denticles on the lower jaw were rubbing up against similar teeth on the upper side of the mouth, Pardo explained in the museum statement. The teeth would have been rasping against each other, in a way thats going to create a relatively unique way of feeding.But while researchers have some idea of how it ate, many questions about this unusual new species still remain.Remaining Questions About Tanyka AmnicolaThere are only a few things that paleontologists know for sure about Tanyka amnicola as of now. They know it was a tetrapod (four-legged animals with backbones), and specifically a stem tetrapod, which is the oldest tetrapod lineage. They know that it was a living fossil, even in its day, meaning that it resembled even older species in the fossil record as opposed to resembling its contemporaries. And they believe that it probably looked something like a salamander, albeit with a much longer snout.But given that paleontologists have only found the species jawbones, they still have many questions about what its body looked like, among other things.Wikimedia CommonsResearchers believe that Tanyka amnicola resembled a salamander (pictured), albeit with a longer snout.We found these jaws in isolation, and theyre really weird, and theyre very distinctive, said Ken Angielczyk, a curator of paleomammalogy at the Field Museum in Chicago, and a co-author of the new paper on Tanyka amnicola. But until we find one of those jaws attached to a skull or other bones that are definitively associated with the jaw, we cant say for sure that the other bones we find near it belong to Tanyka.For now, paleontologists suspect that Tanyka amnicola was about three feet long, lived in lakes, and, based on the formation of its teeth, was likely an herbivore that used its unique jaws to grind up plants. And while questions remain, this discovery alone provides an insightful look at the regions prehistoric era, when it was part of a supercontinent called Gondwana.The Pedra de Fogo Formation in Brazil is one of the only windows we have into Gondwanas animals during the early Permian Period of Earth history, Angielczyk said. Tanyka is telling us about how this community actually worked, how it was structured, and who was eating what.After reading about the 275-million-year-old creature with the bizarre jaw that was discovered in Brazil, read about some of Earths most incredible prehistoric animals. Then, learn about some of the weirdest animals alive today.The post Paleontologists Just Discovered A Strange Salamander-Like Creature With A Sideways Jaw That Predated The Dinosaurs appeared first on All That's Interesting.

Between 1997 and 2017, authorities pulled the dead bodies of more than 40 young men out of rivers and lakes in more than 25 cities across 11 states. Most of them were college-aged, popular, and athletic. Nearly all the men had last been seen leaving bars or parties while inebriated.The bodies of at least 45 young men were pulled from bodies of water over an 11-year period and in many cases, there were smiley faces painted nearby.Time and again, police understandably theorized that the men had become too drunk, wandered too close to the water, and simply fallen in with no hope of climbing out in their intoxicated state.But in 2008, two retired New York City police officers-turned-private investigators who had been looking into the deaths announced their eerie findings. Painted on walls near the locations where at least a dozen of the bodies were found was the same symbol over and over: a smiley face.Given the presence of the graffiti and the similarities among the victims, the two investigators insisted that the deaths had been the work of a serial murderer (or gang of murderers) now widely known as the Smiley Face Killer.Theyre psychopaths, one of the investigators said of the potential culprits. They have no remorse.But is the Smiley Face Killer really out there or was there never any murderer at all?Inside The First Smiley Face Killer MurderThe investigators responsible for popularizing the Smiley Face Killer theory in 2008, Kevin Gannon and Anthony Duarte, based a significant amount of their theorizing on the disappearance of Fordham University student Patrick McNeill in New York City on Feb. 16, 1997.That night, McNeill was last seen leaving a bar called the Dapper Dog on Manhattans Upper East Side. McNeills friends and family members searched tirelessly for him alongside police until April 7, when his body was found floating in the water near a pier in the Bay Ridge neighborhood of Brooklyn.Morbid Podcast/InstagramPatrick McNeill was 21 years old when he died in 1997.It seemed like an accidental drowning, but Gannon disagreed. He vowed to the young mans parents that he would discover the truth. After retiring from the New York Police Department in 2001, he enlisted Duarte, his old partner, and they set out to learn what had happened to McNeill and the other young men who had died under similar circumstances under the banner of their Nationwide Investigations firm.Their official report in the case of McNeill found copious evidence suggesting that someone had killed him and then placed him in the water: intoxication consistent with drugging, a car seen following him after he left the bar, ligature marks on his neck, charring on his head and torso, and the fact that his bodys position in the water was inconsistent with a typical drowning incident.Gannon and Duarte concluded that McNeill had been stalked, drugged, abducted, bound, burned, killed, and dumped in the water. The two detectives were sure they had a murderer on their hands and that McNeill was far from the only victim.Untangling The Smiley Face Killer TheoryWhile the Patrick McNeill case may have ignited Gannon and Duartes suspicions, they began working on the Smiley Face Killer theory even more intensely after learning about other young men who had died in eerily similar ways.Gannon and Duarte were now more sure than ever that they were chasing a serial killer or killers. Furthermore, they suggested that this Smiley Face Killer may have been motivated to murder out of envy.Michael Appleton/NY Daily News Archive via Getty ImagesKevin Gannon (left) and Anthony Duarte (right), the detectives behind the Smiley Face Killer theory.Duarte told CNN in 2008 that the killer was likely the opposite [of the victims], not smart, someone not good in school, maybe doesnt have a job, not popular, and lashed out by drugging and murdering the men before dumping their bodies in the water.In addition to killing their victims, the Smiley Face Killer was believed to have left their signature behind at the scene. Perhaps they were signing their work, as it were, or taunting police. However, any other significance of the symbol remains unclear as does the explanation for the occasional appearance of the word Sinsinawa at some of the death scenes.While such elements of the case remained a mystery, the investigators believed theyd finally caught a break in 2006. A University of Minnesota student named Christopher Jenkins had been pulled out of the Mississippi River in Minneapolis after a night of bar-hopping with friends four years earlier, and his official cause of death was listed as accidental drowning. But the detectives believed that he fit the victim profile for their Smiley Face Killer. His parents did not accept the official version of events and insisted that foul play had been involved in their sons death. He was loaded into a vehicle, a van, driven around and eventually murdered, his mother, Jan Jenkins, told CNN. He was murdered and thrown away like a piece of trash.Twitter (X)Christopher Jenkins vanished after leaving a Halloween party in 2002.It was in 2006 that an informant finally came forward in prison and gave police enough information regarding Jenkins demise that they officially changed his cause of death from accidental drowning to homicide.Nevertheless, the Minneapolis police came out and said that they didnt believe that a serial killer was responsible for Jenkins death or for the dozens of other deaths that Gannon and Duarte had folded into their Smiley Face Killer theory.So, does this mysterious murderer really exist?Evidence For And Against The Smiley Face MurdersWhile Gannon and Duarte turned up a wealth of disturbing details over the years, the fact remains that the theory of the Smiley Face Killer has been widely discredited. The police departments involved do not officially treat these deaths as part of a serial killer investigation. Law enforcement aside, the Minneapolis nonprofit Center for Homicide Research (CHR) released a thorough report on the Smiley Face Killer theory in 2010 that firmly debunked the entire idea.In addition to citing law enforcement and criminal justice experts who believe theres no serial killer, the researchers investigated the cases themselves. They came up with a list of 18 reasons why theyre sure theres no Smiley Face Killer.According to the CHR, most of the victims displayed no evidence of physical trauma or drugging, while the circumstances did indeed suggest accidental drowning. Moreover, they point to the absence of motive or any hard evidence actually linking the deaths.Going West Podcast/InstagramThe Center for Homicide Research states that none of the smiley faces reportedly found near the bodies of more than a dozen victims matched each other so they werent drawn by the same killer.As for the smiley faces, the researchers state that theyre not consistent with each other, were never proven to have been made around the times of the deaths, and dont reliably occur within close proximity to the death scenes. Experts also say that Sinsinawa is a Native American word meaning rattlesnake that often appears in graffiti across the Midwest.However, Gannon and Duarte have stood by their theory, insisting that the cases are linked and that the Smiley Face Killer is still at large. But if the CHR is correct and there is no killer, then why are people so willing to believe there is?As the researchers wrote in their paper, Throughout history, society has always needed to produce monsters to help explain the unexplainable.After this look at the Smiley Face Killer theory, discover the most disturbing quotes ever uttered by serial killers. Then, read up on the horrifying crimes of Ed Kemper, the Co-ed Killer.The post Inside The Disturbing Theory Of The Smiley Face Killer And The Baffling Deaths Behind It appeared first on All That's Interesting.

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