Historic Environment Scotland and AOC Archaeology Group/PA WireThe site of the Bronze Age cist on Scotlands Isle of Bute.While plowing his field on Scotlands Isle of Bute, a farmer accidentally unearthed the graves of a man and a young woman from the Bronze Age. The 4,000-year-old burial chamber had first been discovered in 1863, but it had been forgotten about and remained undisturbed until 2022.Since then, the site has been excavated and the bodies have been taken away for analysis. Now, researchers have shared details of that analysis, revealing more about the story of these two people who lived and died more than four millennia ago.The Discovery Of A 4,000-Year-Old Cist On Scotlands Isle Of ButeIn 1863, a human skull was discovered at Rhubodach on the Isle of Bute. It was sent to the Society of Antiquaries of London, but, for one reason or another, it was forgotten about and effectively lost to time.At the time, other remains were noted still in the ground but they were left, National Museums Scotlands Matthew Knight explained to The Scotsman. The skull, unfortunately, has now been lost, but rediscovery and re-excavation of these remains is allowing us to reinterpret and retell the story of this individual.The cist remained undisturbed for more than a century and a half, until the farmer plowing his field in 2022 once again came across the burial site. A subsequent excavation by AOC Archaeology Group confirmed the presence of two individuals remains within the 4,000-year-old cist. The individuals, not interred at the same time, were buried one on top of the other.Historic Environment Scotland and AOC Archaeology Group/PA WireThe tomb dates to around 2250 B.C.E.According to The Independent, the uppermost individual was found to be an adult male, aged between 35 and 50 at the time of his death. He stood around five feet, six inches tall and, by all accounts, appeared to have been in good health when he died. Buried beneath him were the remains of a female, likely an adolescent or young adult.Unfortunately, due to a 19th-century practice of only recovering skulls from sites like this, both individuals skulls were absent, and the whereabouts of both are still unknown.Analysis Sheds Light On The Bronze Age People Buried At RhubodachAnalysis of the remains revealed several notable discoveries. Both individuals diets lacked any substantial amount of marine protein, for example, and instead seem to have been terrestrial-based. The analysis did not, however, identify anything that could speak to the relationship between the man and woman, or the exact gap of time between their internment.The radiocarbon dates indicate that they died within the final quarter of the third millennium B.C.E., so after 2250 B.C.E. and that the uppermost individual probably was buried just after, or up to a few generations later than the lower individual, said Jess Thompson, Scotlands first curator of osteoarchaeology. And so this cist was used within the living memory of these individuals.Historic Environment Scotland and AOC Archaeology Group/PA WireThe relationship between the individuals is unknown.The remains were declared through the Treasure Trove Unit and allocated to NMS in September 2025. They are now among thousands of items being housed in a new facility at the National Museums Collection Centre in Granton, Edinburgh, which became operational in the fall of 2025.The facility, created as part of the Scotlands Archaeological Human Remains Collections (SAHRC) project, holds human remains of around 2,500 individuals collected from roughly 600 archaeological sites across Scotland, dating from the Mesolithic period through the 19th century.Knight said the purpose of the facility is to provide ethical care, ethical curation, and the best possible storage for archaeological human remains. Research into these remains, he said, can provide fascinating insights into the lives of ancient Europeans in addition to enhancing the modern understanding of the past.These are people who were once living, breathing humans, and we need to ensure that they are treated with the utmost respect.After learning about these Bronze Age burials found in Scotland, learn more about Scottish history by reading about the Fairy Glen, a valley so beautiful that legend says it was created by fairies. Then, learn about the tumultuous history of Scotlands famous Castle Stalker.The post A Farmer Plowing His Field On Scotlands Isle Of Bute Stumbled Upon A Tomb That Dates Back 4,000 Years appeared first on All That's Interesting.

When Annette Kellerman was born in 1886, women had to wear heavy wool garments to the beach or cover their legs completely with stockings. But Kellerman, who would later become a world-record swimmer, couldnt win races in swimwear she compared to lead chains.Instead, Kellerman pioneered a form-fitting, sleek swimsuit that gave her an edge in competitions even against male swimmers. But Kellerman didnt just break boundaries in the water, she also did in Hollywood, on the silver screen, and in society at large.Annette Kellerman Wasnt Born To Break RecordsKellerman didnt enter the world as the resilient athlete-extraordinaire she became. Kellerman was born with legs so weak that she had to wear heavy steel braces to strengthen them.Her parents, both musicians living in Sydney, Australia, encouraged her to strengthen her legs by swimming, too. Within a decade, Kellerman became an award-winning swimmer. Only a cripple can understand the intense joy I experienced, Kellerman recalled of the joy she felt while swimming. After I learned, Id go swimming anywhere, anytime.Bain News Service/Library of CongressA young Annette Kellerman during a visit to the United States.As a teenager, Kellerman set a record for the ladies mile at New South Wales in 1902, swimming the distance in under 34 minutes. By 1905, Kellerman held multiple world records for womens swimming and set out to break new barriers. She beat several men in a race down the Seine River and attempted to swim the English Channel. But after over ten hours in the channel on her third attempt, Kellerman admitted, I had the endurance but not the brute strength.Annette Kellermans Scandalous One-Piece SwimsuitOn land, Annette Kellerman shocked American sensibilities with her skintight one-piece swimsuit.National Photo Company Collection/Library of CongressAt a Washington, D.C. beach, a police officer measures hemlines given the strict rules around womens decency.On a 1907 visit to train for a 13-mile race on Revere Beach in Boston, Kellerman recalled how in Boston, I was amazed seeing the bathing suits worn by American women.Kellerman stood out among the American women in corsets, wool dresses with puffed sleeves, bloomers, and other bulky swimwear. What difference is there wearing 12 yards of linen in the water than lead chains? She later challenged.Kellermans bathing suit left her arms and legs exposed. Though it contained shorts, they ended well above her knees. A fellow beachgoer called the police on Kellerman and she was promptly arrested for indecency.Kellermans arrest and her scandalous swimsuit made headlines. Me, arrested! Kellerman reportedly told the Boston Sunday Globe in 1953. We were all terribly shocked. In another interview, Kellerman explained, My arrest in Boston, which hit the headlines in America, was really a mistake. In the end, a judge ruled that Kellerman could wear her suit if she covered up with a full-length cape until she reached the waters edge. Bain News Service/Library of CongressKellerman in the skintight swimsuit that caused controversy.Kellerman went on to sell her sleek suits in the U.S. as the Annette Kellerman Sun-Kist swimsuit. In her 1918 book, Kellerman argued that: Water is 700 times as heavy as air, and to attempt to drag loose-flowing cloth garments of any sort through water is like having the Biblical millstone around ones neck.Harvard Declares Her The Perfect Woman And Hollywood Welcomes HerAnnette Kellermans fame skyrocketed after her arrest. In 1908, a Harvard professor named Dudley Sargent reached out to Kellerman to assist him in a study thats pretty unsavory by todays standards.Sargent took the measurements of thousands of women and compared them to the Venus de Milo in search of the Perfect Woman. Annette Kellerman came closest to these classical proportions, and she quipped in response: But only from the neck down.A savvy businesswoman, Kellerman put the title to use in her career. The copy in a 1912 advertisement for shoes read, The Perfect Woman, Annette Kellerman, wears and recommends the perfect shoe the La France. The title also helped Kellerman to launch a vaudeville career. She titled one show the Perfectly Formed Woman and traveled the world as a vaudeville headliner in aquatic dancing. Known as the Australian Mermaid, Kellermans act helped to popularize synchronized swimming. Hulton Archive/Getty ImagesAnnette Kellerman played mermaids in several films and in addition to the Perfect Woman and the Australian Mermaid, was nicknamed the Diving Venus.A daredevil, Kellerman also performed acrobatic tricks and walked the tightrope. She transitioned from vaudeville to film and starred in silent movies like 1914s Neptunes Daughter and two years later, A Daughter of the Gods. In Neptunes Daughter, Kellerman performed dangerous stunts, including a cliff dive that left her unconscious. Later, when an underwater tank burst, Kellerman was injured but this didnt stop her. She successfully performed a 60-foot dive into a crocodile-infested pool and leapt over 90 feet into the sea. When studio executives cut a waterfall dive from A Daughter of the Gods, Kellerman complained: Thats the way. Somebodys always trying to take the joy out of life.In A Daughter of the Gods, too, Kellerman managed to break barriers. It became the first feature film to break the million-dollar mark in production costs and Annette Kellerman became the first star to perform nude in a major film. Bain News Service/Library of CongressAnnette Kellerman in her notorious birthday suit for the 1916 film Daughter of the Gods. Kellermans fearlessness inspired one male journalist to write, After seeing her, one may feel like defying any ten-foot man in the audience to declare that the sex of which she is an ideal example hasnt the courage to fight or the ability to vote or do anything else they choose to do.Later Years And LegacyAfter making her name as a swimmer, movie star, and author, Kellerman retired from the spotlight and ran a health food store in Long Beach, California. She became something of a health-and-fitness-guru, having been a vegetarian her whole life. Her fame continued even when a new swimmer-turned-star came on to the scene. That star, named Ester Williams, took on the role of Annette Kellerman in the film Million Dollar Mermaid in 1952. And when a daring new suit debuted in the 1940s, the Globe ran to Kellerman for comment. Despite her taboo-breaking lifestyle, even Annette Kellerman would come to blush at the idea of the bikini.The Bikini bathing suit is a mistake, Kellerman declared. Only two women in a million can wear it. And its a very big mistake to try.Ray Leighton/National Library of AustraliaSwim fashion changed quickly after Kellermans arrest, as this circa 1938 photograph from New South Wales shows.As for why Kellerman defended the one-piece swimsuit, she star said: The bikini shows too much. It shows a line that makes the leg look ugly, even with the best of figures. A body is at its most beautiful when there is one beautiful, unbroken line.In 1970, Annette Kellerman moved back to Australia with her husband, where she continued to swim until her death at the age of 89.Learn more about the history of womens swimwear and the beach policemen who measured hemlines to enforce decency laws.The post The Story Of Taboo-Breaking Annette Kellerman, The Champion Swimmer And Movie Star Called The Perfect Woman appeared first on All That's Interesting.

If you were to drive about 93 miles east of Medelln, Colombia, you would eventually make it to a town called Puerto Triunfo. Before long, youd come across the legendary Hacienda Npoles. Today, Hacienda Npoles is a family-friendly theme park with water attractions, a wildlife sanctuary, and museums. But this is no Disneyland.Timothy Ross/The LIFE Images Collection/Getty ImagesAn aerial view of Pablo Escobars house, Hacienda Npoles.Unlike other famous theme parks, Hacienda Npoles has quite a seedy history. After all, it was once the location of a Playboy Mansion-like cocaine palace owned by the notorious Pablo Escobar.Hacienda In Its HeydayYears before Pablo Escobar went on the run, the cocaine kingpin purchased Hacienda Npoles in 1978. Measuring about 7.7 miles, Escobars estate soon became just as impressive as his power in the 1970s and 80s.Eric VANDEVILLE/Gamma-Rapho via Getty ImagesThe original entrance to Hacienda Npoles. A replica of Pablo Escobars plane sits on top of it.As was the case in many aspects of his life, Escobar spared no expense when it came to constructing his paradise. By the time it was finished, Hacienda Npoles was home to a sprawling Spanish colonial mansion, a sculpture garden, an airport, several swimming pools, lush lawns, man-made lakes, and even a private zoo complete with exotic birds, horses, elephants, rhinos, and hippos.Eric VANDEVILLE/Gamma-Rapho via Getty ImagesOne of the several pools at Hacienda Npoles.Along with being a luxurious retreat for the kingpin and his family and friends, Pablo Escobars house also served as a display of his enormous wealth. Here, he showed off his massive collection of classic cars and bikes, and even built a racetrack for his go-karts. So at the height of his power in the 1980s, Escobar could land his plane on the airstrip, then walk by his life-sized dinosaur sculptures and decide whether hed rather enjoy his zoo, his go-kart track, or his bullring. It certainly wasnt a bad deal for the drug lord.While Hacienda Npoles wasnt Pablo Escobars only house, it was clearly his favorite. And since he was bringing in millions of dollars each day, he had plenty of cash to ensure that the property was outfitted with every single amenity he could ever dream of.Rare footage from Hacienda Npoles in 1978.But it was the main entrance that showcased Escobars ultimate pride and joy: a replica of his Piper PA-18 Super Cub airplane. This was the small plane that had transported his very first shipment of cocaine to the United States a decision that clearly led to the wealth and prestige he enjoyed. Resting atop the blue and white arch that welcomed guests to the estate, the plane served as a reminder to all who passed under it that Colombia was under the control of the cocaine king.But alas, the luxury estate was not to last because its owner would soon be dead.Hacienda Npoles After Escobars DeathTimothy Ross/The LIFE Images Collection/Getty ImagesAn aerial photograph of Hacienda Npoles. Pablo Escobars elephants are visible in the lower right-hand corner.After the drug lord was shot and killed by Colombian police in December 1993, the Escobar family found themselves at odds with the Colombian government over the ownership of Hacienda Npoles. The government eventually took over the land. However, officials soon realized that they wouldnt be able to manage all the animals, so most of them were relocated to other zoos. While the government managed to ship off most of the estates animals, they were unable to seize four of Escobars most beloved pets: his four hippos. This was because they were difficult to capture and transport.Furthermore, at some point, the hippos actually managed to escape the property. And then, they began to multiply at an astounding rate. No one knows exactly how many hippos live in the local area now, but researchers estimate that there may be a population of up to 100.This CBS This Morning segment looks into the hippopotamus situation in Colombia.Today, most of the hippos reside on or near the property of Hacienda Npoles, but some have made their way into the Magdalena River basin, a major waterway that cuts through the western half of Colombia.Hippos have even been spotted nearly 100 miles away from the estate.Scientists and conservationists are now going back and forth about what to do with the hippos, which many believe are an invasive species. In fact, they might even be changing the ecosystem, making life harder for native plants and animals in the country.While some experts have recommended culling the hippos, others have called for sterilizing them to stop the breeding. Meanwhile, some of the local people have grown attached to the hippos over time which may make it difficult for either of these efforts to move forward.For now, the giant creatures remain free to roam the property and beyond. Visitors may notice signs that read Peligro: Presencia de Hipoptamos, warning them to watch out for the aggressive mammal.How Pablo Escobars House Became A Family-Friendly AttractionWikimedia CommonsThe water park that stands at Hacienda Npoles today.In 2006, Hacienda Npoles was valued at 5 billion pesos (which was the equivalent of around $2.23 million). At the time, the estate had just been declared the property of the Colombian state.In a translated statement, officials said:It is a ruling that the National Narcotics Directorate celebrates because it also serves to reiterate the message that we repeatedly deliver to young Colombians and that is that drug trafficking does not pay, that everything that is achieved in this way they will lose.By the 2010s, a private company had taken control of the land and began operating the Parque Temtico Hacienda Npoles, a tourist destination for all ages that includes a water park, a butterfly farm, and museums.You can swim under the Victory Waterfalls or the gigantic sculptures. You can also see ostriches, zebras, meerkats, monkeys, and other exotic creatures the majority of which are not native to Colombia, but Africa.La mujer elefante/FlickrThe ruins of the villa and a swimming pool at the park.While there have been some efforts to erase the drug lords name from the park, tourists still flock to the region because of him. The impact of Escobar lingers, just like his influence on Colombia as a whole.Between exploring the different habitats of the wild animals on the property and taking a dip in the parks many aquatic attractions, guests can now visit a Memorial Museum that acknowledges Escobars history. They can also see the last remaining ruins from the Haciendas heyday.Escobars image is alive and well in this part of Colombia. People have even been caught sneaking into Hacienda Npoles for the sole purpose of digging up the lawn in the hopes of finding any treasure that Escobar may have left behind. Meanwhile, the hippos still roam the property, feral after all of these years. Known for wreaking havoc on the local environment, theyre sometimes viewed as a testament to their previous owners legacy.Their presence along with the plane replica that stands proud at the entrance is just another reminder that despite the family-friendly theme park, Hacienda Npoles only exists because of Pablo Escobar. After touring the Playboy Mansion-esque Hacienda Npoles, the extravagant estate of Pablo Escobar, see how the infamous drug kingpin finally met his end in this look at Pablo Escobars death. Then, read the story of the female Pablo Escobar, the Cocaine Godmother Griselda Blanco.The post Welcome To Hacienda Npoles, Pablo Escobars Legendary Estate appeared first on All That's Interesting.

Pacho Herrera after surrounding to Colombian authorities in 1996.As one of the Cali Cartels four main leaders, Pacho Herrera helped create a sprawling narcotics empire that, at its peak, controlled around 80 percent of the global cocaine supply. Under his guidance, the Cali Cartel cemented the city of Cali as the epicenter of the worlds drug trade.He proved to be a brilliant strategist, a ruthless enforcer, and a man capable of controlling the lucrative New York market, which why the cartels founders accepted Herrera despite widespread prejudices about Herreras homosexuality. This acceptance bought Herreras loyalty for life. Power, he had come to realize, was the only thing that truly mattered.And the cartels bet paid off. The same ruthless efficiency and strategic acumen that had enabled Herrera to gain a foothold in the criminal underworld ultimately proved to be instrumental in the cartels bloody war against Pablo Escobar and his Medelln Cartel. Herrera allegedly helped finance Los Pepes, a paramilitary group that fought Escobar, and helped lead to Escobars downfall and death in 1993.But ultimately, Pacho Herrera would not escape justice, either.How Pacho Herrera Made His Name With The Cali CartelLittle is known about Pacho Herreras early life. He was born Francisco Hlmer Herrera Buitrago on August 24, 1951, and grew up near the city of Palmira in Colombia. After high school, he moved to New York City, where he worked as a jewelry broker. Before long, Herrera also started selling cocaine.According to the Drug Enforcement Agency, Herrera was arrested in 1975 and 1979 for selling cocaine. But this was just the start of his criminal career. Wikimedia CommonsAn undated mugshot of Francisco Hlmer Herrera Buitrago, known best as Pacho Herrera.After his second arrest, however, Pacho Herrera made his way back to Columbia. By his own estimation, he entered the global drug trade in 1983. At this time, he joined up with the Cali Cartel, which had been established by Gilberto Rodrguez Orejuela, Miguel Rodrguez Orejuela, and Jos Santacruz Londooin in the 1970s. There, Herrera would quickly rise through the ranks, even though he was openly gay in a time of great prejudice.As his influence grew, so did his responsibilities. Herrera was promoted to the rank of cacique, making him one of the cartels four principal leaders.He was the youngest and most physically fit of the four godfathers, unmarried, and openly homosexual, journalist William Rempel wrote in At the Devils Table: The Untold Story of the Insider Who Brought Down the Cali Cartel. He also fit certain gay stereotypes. He was noted for a wardrobe of fashionable sportswear and for stylishly decorated homes. Pacho had the empathetic manner of a priest, but he also ran the cartels most brutal wing of hired guns.But soon, the Cali Cartel would run up against another powerful drug ring in Colombia the Medelln Cartel, run by drug lord Pablo Escobar.The Rise And Fall Of Pacho Herrera And The Cali CartelWikimedia CommonsPablo EscobarIt didnt take long for the Cali Cartel and the Medelln Cartel to butt heads. Selling the same product cocaine they competed for shares of the market.According to reporting from The New York Times in 1988, the two groups also fought over territory. For example, the Cali Cartel had long operated in New York City but the Medelln Cartel wanted its share of the New York market. The cartels also disagreed on how to operate within Colombia itself. And so, by 1990, the Cali and Medellin cartels were in the middle of an all-out war. In February 1988, a car bomb exploded in a building owned and occupied by Escobar and his family. They narrowly escaped, and Escobar soon took revenge by targeting Herrera. In September 1990, Escobar sent a squad of killer to assassinate Herrera as he watched a soccer game in Candelaria. The gunmen killed 18 people, but Herrera escaped. He escaped again in 1991, when gunmen ambushed Herrera at a resort, leaving several people dead. Though it was never proven, many suspect that Pacho Herrera also became heavily involved in financing Los Pepes, a paramilitary death squad that aimed to kill Pablo Escobar. According to PBS, the Cali Cartel also began to secretly share information about Escobars movements with the Colombian police and the DEA. Before long, Medelln boss found his grip on power slipping. In 1993, Escobar was killed in a shootout with the authorities.JESUS ABAD-EL COLOMBIANO/AFP/Getty ImagesPolice storming Pablo Escobars estate, Hacienda Npoles, shortly before he was killed.After his death, the Cali Cartel cornered the market on cocaine trafficking, at one point supplying 80 percent of all cocaine in the world. Before long, the cartel was pulling in $8 billion a year.But the downfall of the Medelln Cartel also brought the end of the Cali Cartel, which was increasingly targeted by the Colombian government, and the United States. Herrera, the last of the four godfathers of the cartel still at large, watched as his empire crumbled around him. Until last month, Helmer Herrera Buitrago could relax in his penthouse bathtub while monitoring on closed circuit television who was coming and going from his private 14-story office and residential tower here, The New York Times reported in 1995. To cruise around town, he could choose from a fleet of 70 cars, including a bullet-proofed Mazda equipped with louvers to allow his bodyguards to fire machine pistols at pursuers. But hard times have fallen on this slender, mustachioed Colombian, whose personal empire allegedly includes much of the cocaine trade in New York and New Jersey.Facing inevitable capture and a potential life sentence in the United States, Pacho Herrera chose to negotiate a surrender with Colombian authorities in September 1996.This is more or less depicted accurately in the Netflix series Narcos but how much did the show actually get right?How The Real-Life Pacho Herrera Compares With His Portrayal On NarcosNetflixPacho Herrera as depicted on Narcos.Narcos has always been a blend of truth and fiction. According to showrunner Eric Newman, the split between the two is about 50-50.In real life, Pacho Herrera was a calculating criminal with a gift for running an illegal trafficking operation. He developed one of the most sophisticated and profitable money-laundering operations in the Cali Cartel, according to the DEA.As to his sexuality, there is some dispute over the matter. According to Rempel, he was openly gay. Other writers have made similar claims. However, Herrera kept his personal life a secret and his inner feelings are not known.Meanwhile, his death is portrayed more or less accurately on the show.While serving a prison sentence in Cali following his surrender, Herrera began spending much of his time playing soccer. He was playing soccer with his fellow inmates on Nov. 6, 1998, when a man who had identified himself as a lawyer named Rafael Angel Uribe Serna approached him. The two men seemed to know each other the BBC reported that Serna hugged Herrera but then Serna opened fire, fatally wounding the drug lord. The shooters exact motives remain uncertain, but a prominent theory suggests the hit had been put on him by a rival drug lord named Wilber Varela, who was seeking to take control of what remained of the Cali Cartel. In any case, its safe to say that Pacho Herrera made plenty of enemies in his time as a drug lord.As the narrator says on Narcos, Vendettas in the drug game never end.After learning about Pacho Herrera, read about fellow Narcos subject Felix Gallardo. Then, learn the story of George Jung, the drug smuggler who inspired the movie Blow.The post The Story Of Pacho Herrera, The Cartel Boss Who Took On Pablo Escobar And Lived To Tell The Tale appeared first on All That's Interesting.

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