Insurmountable tensions between Indigenous peoples and American settlers, both desperate to perpetuate their way of life, resulted in deadly outcomes during the latter part of the 19th century. Through these struggles of clashing cultures, a number of impressive figures gained fame as a result of their dedication to preserving and supporting their people. One of these leaders was Sitting Bull, a Lakota man who would be one of the last to succumb to the pressures of the US government. His iconic life resulted in his remembrance as a hero of American history.1. Sitting Bull Was a Respected WarriorSitting Bull around 1883. Photograph by David F. Barry. Source: Daniel Guggisberg Historical Photographs Collection / Wikimedia CommonsSitting Bull, born Jumping Badger, entered the world sometime in the early 1830s. His nickname was Slow in reference to his calm and careful demeanor. He was born in what Americans referred to as the Dakota Territory into the Hunkpapa tribe. The Hunkpapa is one of the seven divisions within the Lakota, grouped with the Nakota and Dakota into the Oceti Sakowin. This alliance is also commonly referred to as the Sioux Nation. Sitting Bull became a member of the Kit Fox Warrior Society and the Strong Heart Warrior Society, and was heavily involved in tribal welfare matters. He helped expand his peoples hunting grounds and gained a reputation as a steadfast warrior who had great concern for his people. As time went on and conflict with white settlers increased, Sitting Bull became an outspoken critic of Americas obsession with Manifest Destiny.2. His Accomplishments Started at a Young AgeBison were essential to many aspects of the Lakota lifestyle. Source: Agricultural Research Service / Wikimedia CommonsWith his father and two uncles all prominent chiefs within the tribe, Sitting Bull was expected to live up to their standards and model the four cardinal Lakota virtues: bravery, fortitude, generosity, and wisdom. His accomplishments began stacking up when he was still just a boy. He killed his first bison at the age of ten. At age fourteen, he counted coup for the first time, a Plains tribes tradition that involved getting in close proximity to an opponent and touching them without being injured or, worse, killed. This act was lauded as exceptionally brave, as the warrior was taking a great risk compared to shooting an enemy from afar with a gun or arrows. The coup resulted in Sitting Bull being awarded his adult name, a tradition typically reserved for when young men achieved a life-changing milestone or otherwise earned it. The teen was bestowed with his fathers name, Tatanka-Iyotanka, or Sitting Bull.3. Sitting Bull Was a Leader at the Battle of Greasy GrassThe legendary battlefield today. Source: National Park Service Gallery / Wikimedia CommonsBy the time the Battle of the Little Bighorn, or the Battle of Greasy Grass, rolled around in 1876, Sitting Bull had decades of experience as a warrior. In mid-May of that year, Sitting Bull participated in a ritual called the Sun Dance, which involves fasting, prayer, and cutting flesh. The Sun Dance was often utilized in the pursuit of a vision, and Sitting Bull shared the vision he received during this particular ritual. His prophecy showed him a great defeat of a group of white men who invaded an Indigenous camp.Just over a month later, General George Custer and his command showed up, looking for Sitting Bulls people. They found the nomadic village and attacked. The Lakota contingency, allied with Cheyenne and Arapaho people, wiped out Custers entire unit in a defeat that would cause the US government to double down on their efforts to exterminate Americas Indigenous population.Battle of the Little Bighorn by Kurz & Allison, 1889. Source: Library of Congress / Wikimedia CommonsThough Sitting Bull was still an esteemed political leader and decision-maker in his community, he did not participate directly in the Battle at the Greasy Grass. He was considered beyond fighting age at the time, though he did bless his nephews with his personal medicine as they entered the battle. His role also extended to encouraging and monitoring the efforts of the younger warriors he mentored.4. He Lived in Canada for a TimeThe only known photo of Sitting Bull taken during his time in Canada. Source: Saskatchewan Archives / Wikimedia CommonsAfter the defeat of US forces at Little Bighorn, the government increased its efforts to confine all Native Americans to the reservation system. The embarrassment of the defeat on the eve of Americas centennial only angered US officials further. Sitting Bull was among those who recognized the military power of the United States but was determined to retain his freedom. As a result, he led a contingency of his people to Canada and settled at Wood Mountain in the Northwest Territories.However, food and resources were limited, and the Canadian government was hesitant to become too involved for fear of angering the United States. In addition, Canada also had an interest in expanding their own white presence in the area. Eventually, the lack of food supplies became problematic to the point that many Indigenous people chose to return to the US and submit to the reservation system to avoid starvation. Sitting Bull would be among the last to do so, surrendering to the Standing Rock Reserve in North Dakota in 1881.5. He Was Impressed With Annie OakleyAnnie Oakley and Sitting Bull were fond of one another. Source: Richard K. Fox / Library of Congress / Wikimedia CommonsIn 1884, Sitting Bull received permission from his reservations Indian Agent to travel. On one of his trips, he met sharpshooter Annie Oakley. Sitting Bull was so impressed with the young woman that he paid $65 to take a photo of the two of them together. The following year, Sitting Bull joined Buffalo Bill Codys Wild West Show, where Oakley performed, and the two enjoyed a great friendship. Sitting Bull gave Oakley the nickname Watanya Cicilla, meaning Little Sure Shot. According to Oakley, he informally adopted her, asking her to take the place of the daughter he lost not long after the Battle of the Greasy Grass. When she heard of Sitting Bulls arrest and subsequent death in 1890, Oakley was quoted as saying that if Sitting Bull had been a white man, someone would have hung for his murder.6. Sitting Bull Made the Acquaintance of Grover ClevelandSitting Bull met a number of dignitaries while on tour, including the president. Source: Library of Congress / Wikimedia CommonsWhile he was on tour with Buffalo Bill Codys Wild West Show, Sitting Bull traveled around the country. One of the tour stops was Washington DC, where Sitting Bull met acting President Grover Cleveland. Sitting Bull referred to Cleveland as the new White Father at Washington. The meeting, however, was short and was referred to as a quick handshake.7. He Was Killed by Reservation PoliceCapture & Death of Sitting Bull by Kurz & Allison. Source: Cowans Auctions / Wikimedia CommonsAfter his stint with Buffalo Bill Cody, Sitting Bull returned to the reservation. He continued to be an outspoken critic of US government policy. As the last decade of the 19th century dawned, Sitting Bull became interested in a new spiritual movement that was spreading through various Indigenous tribes across the country. Known as the Ghost Dance, the premise of the movement was that participation would eventually cause the white man to vanish from Native homelands. The US government was wary of these spiritual developments, looking upon them as a threat to white supremacy. Sitting Bulls interest in the Ghost Dance cast him in a negative light with reservation officials.In 1890, over forty reservation police officers, Indigenous men called metal breasts due to their badges, were sent by reservation agent James McLaughlin to arrest and question Sitting Bull about his affiliation with the movement. At approximately 6 oclock on the morning of December 19, Sitting Bulls family was awoken when the officers broke down their door.Sitting Bull was hauled from his bed and dragged outside. A struggle ensued, and a crowd gathered. Gunfire erupted, and when the firefight ceased, Sitting Bull lay dead at the age of fifty-nine. He had received a bullet wound to the chest. Six police officers were killed and one injured, along with members of the crowd. Sitting Bulls seventeen-year-old son, Crow Foot, was killed as well. It was reported that Crow Foot called out, My uncles, do not kill me. I do not wish to die before he was bludgeoned and shot.8. A College Is Named for HimSitting Bulls legacy is still an important aspect of Lakota culture, as evidenced by this 2022 photo. Source: Thayne Tuason / Wikimedia CommonsSitting Bull College is a tribal higher education institution named for the Lakota hero. The main campus is located on the Standing Rock Reservation in North Dakota, and there are two satellite campuses in South Dakota. Originally called Standing Rock Community College, when it was chartered in 1973, the school further expanded to offer bachelor of science programs and continued to expand its accreditation and offerings. In March of 1996, the Standing Rock tribal council voted to amend the schools charter and changed its name to Sitting Bull College. As of 2024, there are over seventy staff and more than three hundred students enrolled at the institution.

Pope Urban II Preaches for the Crusades, c. 1095. Source: WikimediaCalls for a Christian retaking of the Holy Land began in the 1090s with Pope Urban II. Jerusalem had fallen to the Muslims in 638. The Byzantine Empire proved unable to retake the Holy City. In 1095, the Byzantines asked for Western help against the Turks and to retake the Holy Land. The Pope, hoping to reunite the two Christian faiths, issued a call for soldiers. His simple appeal-forgiveness of sin and eternal glory-caused thousands to take up the cause.By 1097 and on, Christian forces marched on the Holy Land, defeating Muslim forces. Large swathes of land fell to them, fueled by fervor and political desires. By June 1099, the largely successful Crusaders neared Jerusalem.Toehold: The 1099 Siege of JerusalemJuly 15, 1099, Fall of Jerusalem to the Crusaders. Source: Bridgeman Art LibraryThe First Crusade began in 1096 following the Popes call to arms. Over the next three years, the Crusaders battled the Muslims, sometimes with Byzantine help. Major cities in modern Turkey or Syria, like Acre and Nicaea, fell. And on June 7, 1099, the Crusader army began its siege.The Crusaders, numbering over 13,000, fired by passion and zeal, invested the city. Their initial assault on June 13 failed due to low supplies and hastily built siege engines. By mid-June, the Crusaders situation deteriorated due to heat and shortages. Seeking inspiration, the Crusaders marched around the city barefoot, singing hymns.In late June, reinforcements and supplies came via Genoese ships. Beginning on July 13, the Crusaders assaulted the city walls, breaking through on July 15. In the resulting massacre, estimates of up to 70,000 Muslims and Jews perished. However, now Jerusalem was Christian again.Jerusalems recapture achieved the First Crusades goal. The Crusaders established the Kingdom of Jerusalem and elected Duke Godfrey of Bouillon. This victory and new kingdom immediately gave the West legitimacy and a toehold. Soon, several centuries of conflict would ensue.A Turning Point: The 1187 Battle of HattinCapture of Crusader Leaders and True Cross at the Battle of Hattin. Source: Arsenal Library, FranceThe late 12th century found the Crusader states established in the Holy Land. Though militarily strong, internal political problems roiled them. The Kingdom of Jerusalem, though the biggest, had difficulties with baronial power. The Crusaders main opponent was the Ayyubid Dynasty of Egypt, founded in 1171 by Islams greatest general, Salah al-Din Yusuf ibn Ayyub. Or simply, Saladin.This pivotal battle stemmed from a broken truce. A French noble, Raymond of Chatillon, raided a caravan to Syria, angering Saladin. As a result, on July 2, 1187, Saladin besieged Tiberias, north of Jerusalem, hoping to lure out his enemies.The Crusaders assembled their army, led by King Guy. Against most advice, the King marched across the open desert in summers high heat. Saladins army struck quickly, using his cavalry to harass and exhaust the Crusaders. At the Horns of Hattin (extinct volcanoes), the two sides fought.King Richard the Lionhearted, Battle of Acre. Source: WikimediaThe Muslim army cut off and surrounded King Guys army on July 3. Now unable to reach water, the Crusaders tried a breakout. Continual cavalry charges met only frustration, stopped by Saladins disciplined forces. His archers continually rained arrows down, weakening the Christians. On July 4, they pressed against the hills, and the Crusaders broke. The Muslims captured Jerusalems King, the True Cross, and executed Raymond.The Battle of Hattin marked the Crusades turning point. Only three Crusader states remained, with the Kingdom of Jerusalem significantly weakened. Saladin next rolled up Jerusalem in October 1187 and more, only leaving Antioch and Tripoli. These only survived with European help and the Third Crusade.The Attempted Resurgence: The 1189 Siege of AcreRichard the Lionhearted Marching Towards Jerusalem. Source: WikimediaThe West recoiled following the loss of Jerusalem. Soon, only Tyre (in modern Lebanon) remained a Christian Levant state. By October 1187, Pope Gregory VIII called for a Third Crusade, citing Jerusalems shocking loss. The Wests greatest rulers took up the call- Englands Richard I (Lionhearted), Frances Phillip II, and Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I.Jerusalems King Guy made the Third Crusades first move, besieging the vital port city of Acre in August 1189. First local forces held the siege, strengthened by European reinforcements. But in a strange twist, Saladins stronger forces surrounded the Crusaders, creating a two-pronged siege that dragged on for two years. The sieges final phase started in mid-1191 as the Third Crusade arrived. The massive European armies soon arrived, defeated Saladin, and attacked. Acre fell on July 12, 1191.Victory at Acre boosted morale but proved hollow. Jerusalem was too far inland. Any attack would risk being cut off. Plus, the European rulers soon left for home. Acre only prolonged the Crusaders presence in the Holy Land. Acre fell again in 1291, this time to the Mamluks, ending the last Christian stronghold.

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McGriddle Casserole is an easy to make breakfast casserole with little cleanup. Plus, its a great dish to make when you are serving a crowd!SWEET & SAVORY BREAKFAST CASSEROLEMcGriddle Casserole has all the flavors of a McDonalds McGriddle sandwich that you know and love. But, instead of in sandwich form, you can enjoy it even more when its an easy to make casserole! Its a little sweet and a little savory. The best blend of breakfast flavors. This is one that kids AND grownups love!FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS:Can I make this ahead of time? Yes, you can make prep this the day before and pop it in the oven to bake. It may need a few more minutes to cook since youre starting from cold. What is the best sausage to use? You can use ground sausage, but you can also use chopped-up sausage links or patties. Can I make the casserole dairy or gluten-free? Yep, just swap out the ingredients to your favorite, safe, gluten and dairy free ingredients. What can I serve with this casserole? You can serve the casserole with hash browns or/and fresh fruit.Its really a whole meal in one so you dont have to get fancy with it. How do I store leftover casserole? You can keep leftovers in the fridge for up to 3 days. You can freeze the casserole for up to 2 months. This is one of those casseroles that freezes so well. When making this if you plan to freeze some for later, just pop it in two, smaller 88-inch pans so you can enjoy one now and freeze the other after you bake it, for later. INGREDIENTS NEEDED: (SEE RECIPE CARD BELOW FOR THE FULL RECIPE)ground sausage the sausage adds a lot of flavor to the casserole.Any sausage except Italian sausage should work. I really like sage ground sausage for this recipe too. bacon I tested this a few different ways and we ended up like the one that had the bacon and the sausage together. However, you can just pick one if you prefer. You dont have to change anything else in the recipe. I do like using precooked bacon because it is much less messy and makes cleanup a breeze but you can cook up some bacon and crumble it up.complete pancake mix look for the kind that says just add water.watershredded cheddar cheese you can definitely switch up the cheese here. If you want more of a kick, try using pepper jack.real maple syrup or pancake syrup this can be real maple syrup or the thicker pancake syrup, it works with either one. Use what you love!softened butter the butter is the finishing touch to the casserole. You can use unsalted if you prefer.HOW TO MAKE MCGRIDDLE CASSEROLEPreheat the oven to 350 F. Lightly spray a 913-inch baking dish with nonstick spray and set aside.To a large skillet over medium heat, add the sausage. Cook and crumble until almost fully cooked (will still be a little pink.) Add the precooked bacon to the skillet. Cook for 5 minutes or until the bacon is crispy and sausage is fully cooked.Turn off heat and transfer the bacon and sausage to a paper towel-lined plate. Add the pancake mix and water to the bowl. Stir until combined.Add the bacon and sausage mixture, cheese, and maple syrup to the pancake mix. Gently stir until combined.Pour the mixture into the baking dish.Bake on the middle rack for about 30 minutes or until a toothpick inserted comes out clean. NOTE: This does not get brown on top. You will know it is done when it is firm to the touch and an inserted toothpick comes out clean. Spread the butter on top and serve with syrup.Slice, serve and enjoy. CRAVING MORE RECIPES?McDonalds Egg McMuffinSausage, Egg and Cheese Breakfast CasseroleStarbucks Egg BitesThe Best Breakfast PizzaFluffy Blueberry Pancakes PrintMcGriddle CasseroleA fluffy breakfast casserole with pancake mix, sausage, bacon and cheese. Course Breakfast, Brunch, Main CourseCuisine AmericanPrep Time 10 minutes minutesCook Time 40 minutes minutesTotal Time 50 minutes minutesServings 8Calories 445kcalAuthor Brandie SkibinskiIngredients1 pound ground breakfast sausage (I like the sage flavor)6 slices precooked bacon, cut into bite size pieces (optional)3 cups complete pancake mix (the kind that says 'just add water')2 cups water1 cups shredded cheddar cheese cup real maple syrup or pancake syrup2 Tablespoons softened butterreal maple syrup or pancake syrup (for serving)InstructionsPreheat the oven to 350 F. Lightly spray a 913-inch baking dish with nonstick spray and set aside.To a large skillet over medium heat, add 1 pound ground breakfast sausage. Cook and crumble until almost fully cooked (will still be a little pink.) Add 6 slices precooked bacon, cut into bite size pieces to the skillet. Cook for 5 minutes or until the bacon is crispy and sausage is fully cooked. Turn off heat and transfer the bacon and sausage to a paper towel-lined plate. Add 3 cups complete pancake mix and 2 cups water to the bowl. Stir until combined. Add the cooked bacon and sausage, 1 cups shredded cheddar cheese and cup real maple syrup or pancake syrup to the pancake mix. Gently stir until combined. Pour the mixture into the baking dish. Bake on the middle rack for about 30 minutes or until a toothpick inserted comes out clean. NOTE: This does not get brown on top. You will know it is done when it is firm to the touch and an inserted toothpick comes out clean. Spread 2 Tablespoons softened butter butter on top, then slice and serve with real maple syrup or pancake syrup. NotesPlease refer to my FAQs (Frequently Asked Questions) and ingredient list above for other substitutions or for the answers to the most common questions.NutritionCalories: 445kcal | Carbohydrates: 21g | Protein: 19g | Fat: 31g | Sodium: 873mg | Fiber: 1g | Sugar: 6g

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Australia has activated a new requirement for search engines to verify the ages of their signed-in users, with companies now facing a six-month countdown to full compliance. The rule, which began on December