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Dietrich Bonhoeffer is among the most important Christian leaders of the 20th century. What made Bonhoeffer remarkable? How did this theologian, pastor, and writer resist Nazi Germany? This article offers a brief survey of Bonhoeffers life.Dietrich Bonhoeffers Early YearsDietrich Bonhoeffer as a student, 1923. Source: International Bonhoeffer Society Image ArchiveDietrich Bonhoeffer was born in 1906 to a loving family among the German elite. His father, Karl Bonhoeffer, was a successful psychiatrist who raised his children to think critically and pursue goodness. Dietrich took after his mother, Paula, the daughter of a theology professor.Dietrich experienced hardship during his childhood when his older brother, Walter, died in World War I. After the war, the Weimar Republic led Germany into a period of deep instability, which affected his view of politics. As an adolescent, Bonhoeffer sensed a call to theology. His father disagreed with his decision, but Dietrich did not waver from his path.Theologian and PastorLeisure time in Prebelow, D. Bonhoeffer with his Berlin students, 1932. Source: International Bonhoeffer Society Image ArchiveDietrich Bonhoeffer studied at the University of Tbingen and the University of Berlin with great success. His dissertation, Sanctorum Communio, presents a theology of the church as ordained by God yet thoroughly established in this world. Bonhoeffer spent the rest of his life developing his theology of the church through writing and action.After earning his doctorate, Bonhoeffer accepted a temporary pastoral assignment in Barcelona. He enjoyed pastoral ministry, as well as teaching children at a Christian school. Bonhoeffer held various jobs throughout his life, but he always stayed connected to his original vocation as a theologian and pastor.Member of Abyssinian Baptist ChurchExterior of Abyssinian Baptist Church, in Harlem, New York City, 1936. Source: New York Public Librarys Public Domain ArchiveIn 1930, Dietrich Bonhoeffer received a one-year fellowship at Union Theological Seminary in New York City. This year changed Bonhoeffers life. His fellow student, Frank Fisher, introduced him to Abyssinian Baptist Church in Harlem. In the wake of the Harlem Renaissance, Rev. Adam Clayton Powell, Sr. pastored Abyssinian to become a model of both religious devotion and social justice.Bonhoeffer was deeply affected by the Abyssinian Church community. He taught Sunday classes, listened to gospel hymns, and even remarked, according to Dr. Reggie Williams (2021), that he had finally become a Christian (p. 107). Scholars surmise that Bonhoeffers experience among 20th-century American Black Christians prepared him to creatively resist Nazi oppression.Resisting NazismDietrich Bonhoeffer, 1924, by Levan Ramishvili, 2021. Source: FlickrAfter returning to Germany, Dietrich Bonhoeffer began teaching theology at Berlin University. Germany was on the verge of history when, in 1933, Adolf Hitler became Chancellor. In a public act of resistance, Bonhoeffer spoke out against the Nazi Party on a live radio broadcast. Hitler was known as the fhrer (leader) but, in his speech, Bonhoeffer called him the verfhrer (misleader).Considering the surrounding context of Nazi propaganda, Bonhoeffers speech was a brave act of truth-telling. His speech was taken off the air before he finished. Undeterred, Bonhoeffer soon published an article titled, The Church and the Jewish Problem, while Germany began to remove Jews from prominent professions.During this season of life, Dietrich Bonhoeffer accepted a two-year pastoral position in London, which gave him important contacts for future resistance against the Nazis. He also began writing his most famous book, The Cost of Discipleship, which is an interpretation of the Sermon on the Mount in the Gospel of Matthew. In it, Bonhoeffer reflects on theological concepts like cheap grace, Christian pacifism, and radical obedience to Jesuss commands. To this day, The Cost of Discipleship influences Christians around the world.Leader in the Confessing ChurchStained glass windows of the church of St. Krzysztof in Wrocaw, by Tomasz Kmita-Skarsgrd, 2018. Source: Wikimedia CommonsThe German Christian Church was largely complicit with Nazism, but pastors like Dietrich Bonhoeffer refused to accommodate them. After multiple ecumenical conferences, theologian Karl Barth wrote the Barmen Declaration. This document guided the founding of the Confessing Church, which Bonhoeffer would serve for the rest of his life.Bonhoeffer led an underground seminary for the Confessing Church in Finkenwalde. His experience at Finkenwalde became the inspiration for a future book, Life Together. Due to the seminarys public critique of the state, the Gestapo shut down the Finkenwalde Seminary within three years.Undercover Diplomat for the German ResistanceDietrich Bonhoeffer, by Levan Ramishvili. Source: FlickrDuring the late 1930s, Dietrich Bonhoeffer faced an important decision. He was committed to resisting Nazism, but how would he resist? In 1939, he traveled to New York City, where he could have taught theology, spoke out against Nazi Germany, and avoided the imminent war. Instead, he returned to Germany within weeks. He decided that he could not abandon his people at such a pressing time. Bonhoeffer began talking with conspirators to overthrow Hitler, eventually taking on a counterespionage role. He operated like an undercover diplomat, meeting with contacts across Europe who might support anti-Nazi efforts.As a cover, Bonhoeffer took a job in the Abwehr (German military intelligence) with his brother-in-law, Hans von Dohnanyi. The Gestapo forbade him from speaking in public, but he continued writing what became the posthumously published, Ethics. In 1943, Bonhoeffer got engaged with a woman named Maria von Wederneyer.Prisoner and MartyrFlossenbrg concentration camp, administration and prisoner area. Source: International Bonhoeffer Society Image ArchiveIn 1943, Dietrich Bonhoeffer was arrested after the Gestapo discovered his counterespionage efforts. He was sent to Tegel Prison in Berlin, where he spent nearly two years. His letters from prison were compiled and posthumously published by his best friend, Eberhard Bethge. Bonhoeffers letters are characteristically reflective, theological, relational, and heartfelt.In April 1945, Bonhoeffer was transported to Flossenbrg Concentration Camp for execution. The night before his death, he led a religious service for fellow prisoners. Early on April 9, guards marched him to the gallows and hung him. Due to his unwavering commitment to Jesus Christ and bold witness against the Nazi regime, Dietrich Bonhoeffer is widely considered to be a 20th-century martyr in the line of the early persecuted Christians. He was executed a mere two weeks before the liberation of Flossenbrg and one month before Germanys surrender. Renate Wind (1991) recounts Bonhoeffers final words, written to his friend George Bell: This is the end, for me the beginning of life (p. 180).Dietrich Bonhoeffer as a Modern InspirationDietrich Bonhoeffer Stained Glass, St. John the Baptist Basilica, by Sludge G (Photographer), 2009. Source: FlickrToday, Dietrich Bonhoeffers name stretches far beyond anything he could have imagined. Bonhoeffer lived an extraordinary life, but he was not famous in his lifetime. His execution could easily have ended his story. Yet, millions of modern Christians continue to read his words, follow his teachings, and remember his life. Though Nazi Germany tried to silence him, his legacy could not be stopped. Dietrich Bonhoefferthe theologian, pastor, writer, and rebellives on.Bibliography:Williams, R. (2021). Bonhoeffers Black Jesus: Harlem Renaissance Theology and an Ethic of Resistance. Baylor University Press.Wind, R. (1991). Dietrich Bonhoeffer: A Spoke in the Wheel. Eerdmans Publishing Company.

AA PhotoArchaeologists suspect that the stele was erected to commemorate a respected person in Roman society.While tending to his flock near Kayacik, Turkey, a goat herder stumbled across something in the ground. By chance, the man had discovered a 600-pound, 2,000-year-old Roman funerary stele with ornate carvings and an inscription in Greek.The stele which is both especially ornate and extremely heavy was recovered by a team of archaeologists who responded to the scene. While such objects have been found in Anatolia before, this one stands out because of its detailed carvings and Greek epitaph. The Discovery Of The Roman Funerary Stele Found In TurkeyAccording to Trkiye Today, the goat herder and his animals were making their way through the woods in the rugged highlands of the Seydikemer district in Mula Province, Turkey, when something wedged in the soil caught the mans eye. It was a 2,000-year-old stone funerary stele in the shape of an altar, which he swiftly reported to the Fethiye Museum Directorate. But when archaeologists arrived on the scene, they found that recovering the stele would be a challenge: The stone object weighed more than 600 pounds. For that reason, the experts first secured the site by burying the stele and installing motion-detecting cameras, then returned to recover it. AA PhotoThe Roman funerary stele weighed more than 600 pounds and was found in a remote location, making its recovery challenging.Even then, however, transporting the stele to the Fethiye Museum was a challenge. It was located in a remote area that could only be reached by a 45-minute hike. Ultimately, the recovery team had to slowly transport the stele by hand, a process that took seven hours and required them to traverse the rugged terrain while carrying the heavy object. At that point, experts could study the funerary stele more closely. They found that it dated back to between the first and third centuries C.E., the Roman period, and that it likely marked the grave of an important person. The Ornate Roman Funerary Stele That Once Belonged To A Respected CitizenUpon studying the object, archaeologists determined that it was roughly 2,000 years old and similar to other altar-shaped Roman funerary steles that have been found in the region. However, this one is especially ornate. Its carvings include a man and a woman, both of whom are dressed and styled in a Roman fashion, as well as a wreath. The people seem to be part of a family portrait, and the wreath suggests that the stele marked the grave of a respected person in Roman society. According to archaeologist Ahmet Meke, the inscription on the stele, written in Greek, also contains information about the deceased, but it is still being studied. The stele likely originated in the ancient Lycian city of Kadyanda, where, despite the Roman presence, a strong Greek-speaking Hellenistic culture endured. The Greek epitaph suggests that Greek remained the primary language for commemorating the dead. AA PhotoThe Roman funerary stele is similar to other steles found in Anatolia, but it includes more ornate carvings. Both the stele and the site where it was found are set for further study. In the meantime, the stele stands as just the latest Roman-era discovery from Turkey. In this year alone, archaeologists have also excavated a 1,500-year-old mosaic beneath an abandoned mill, a sprawling 1,700-year-old Roman bathhouse, and a 2,000-year-old Roman villa complete with a fish pond. Such a wealth of historical artifacts in Turkey is hardly a surprise, given that the Romans began their conquest of the region while still in the period of the Roman Republic. Its all but guaranteed that more Roman sites and artifacts will come to the surface. And, as in the case of the Roman funerary stele, it wont always require archaeologists to dig them up. Given the deep legacy of Roman rule in Turkey, even a goat herder taking his animals on a stroll through the woods has the potential to discover an incredible 2,000-year-old relic. After reading about the Roman funerary stele that was found by a goat herder in Turkey, discover the story of Derinkuyu, Turkeys fascinating ancient underground city. Or, go inside the history of some of the worlds lost cities.The post A Goat Herder In Turkey Just Discovered An Ornately Carved Roman-Era Funerary Stele appeared first on All That's Interesting.