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Martin Luther King, Jr. left a deep impact on the American Civil Rights Movement in the mid-20th century, not only with his actions but with his words. Sometimes, he combined the two forms of protest, as when he penned Letter From a Birmingham Jail in response to criticisms of his recent actions in Birmingham, Alabama, during the height of the civil rights protests in America. Kings Letter would go on to be one of the most impactful pieces of literature from the Movement and remain relevant dozens of years into the future.A Civil Rights IconKing with a group of supporters during his famous March on Washington in 1963. Source: US Information Agency/Wikimedia CommonsMartin Luther King, Jr came from a religious family in which his parents fought against racism, seeing it as an affront to the will of God. Martin would continue his familys legacy, becoming involved in social activism when he entered Morehouse College at age 15 in 1944. Before he even graduated, King was ordained, and throughout his life, his faith and activism would stay intertwined.He gained an interest in the effectiveness of nonviolent protest after exploring the writings of Thoreau and the work of Mahatma Gandhi. He married, had four children, and worked as a pastor in Alabama. King joined the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) as a member of the executive committee as racial tensions in the southern United States escalated.In 1955, he helped lead a bus boycott that lasted over a year, one of the earliest examples of nonviolent demonstrations in the American Civil Rights Movement. In 1957, he was elected to lead the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, an organization dedicated to providing leadership to the civil rights cause. From this time until 1968, King traveled millions of miles and spoke publicly over 2,500 times. He led countless protests and events, and wrote numerous books and articles.Paying the PriceMartin Luther King, Jr. in 1964. Source: Library of Congress/Wikimedia CommonsDuring this time, King was subjected to physical and verbal abuse from enemies of his cause, his home was bombed, and he was arrested over 20 times. It was after one of these arrests that King found himself imprisoned in Birmingham. Just days before, notorious segregationist police commissioner Bull Connor got an injunction from the Alabama state court that prohibited any and all demonstrations in Birmingham. King vocally chose to ignore the injunction and led a crowd of about 1,000 supporters to Birminghams business district to protest the citys ongoing segregation. He and one of his aides, Ralph Abernathy, were arrested and imprisoned for about a week before being released on bond.King is CriticizedA recreation of Kings Birmingham cell at the National Civil Rights Museum. Source: Wikimedia CommonsOn the day King was arrested, a group of fellow clergymen published an open letter criticizing Kings actions and methods. While these clergymen were moderates, they were white. They called for actions in the courts and not [protests] in the streets. Though Kings tactics were nonviolent, the group viewed them as disruptive and a direct cause of unrest in the Birmingham community. The protests led by King were called unwise and untimely in the letter. After reading the letter (and having plenty of time on his hands in his cell), King drafted a response on April 16, 1963, in another open letter titled Letter From a Birmingham Jail.The LetterMartin Luther King, Jr.s signature. Source: Wikimedia CommonsThe multi-page letter written by King addressed the concerns that the local religious leaders raised in their missive. He was forced to write his response on bits of scrap paper, toilet paper, and newspaper, and smuggled it out in pieces via an aide. The letter was then transcribed and distributed. The article was addressed to My Dear Fellow Clergymen and was delivered to seven of the eight men who had signed the letter of criticism. In addition, it was sent to numerous other clergymen throughout the state of Alabama by the Southern Christian Leadership Conference and was published publicly multiple times in the years that followed, in both excerpted and full-length forms.In the letter, King directly discusses several areas of concern that the eight clergymen had outlined in their critical document. Most notably, King remained firm that the struggle at hand required direct, nonviolent action, not moderation. In one passage, King emphasizes this by dissecting the idea of waiting. He argues that to Black Americans, Wait has almost always meant never, and that Black citizens have been waiting to use their Constitutional rights for over 340 years.undated drawing of King. Source: Wikimedia CommonsKing defended his presence in Birmingham, as the original letter had mentioned outsiders causing problems in the community. He discussed his role in the Southern Christian Leadership Conference and the work the group was involved in, including supporting local organizations throughout the South, including the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights in Birmingham.Religion was a key theme in Kings writing, and Letter was no exception. Multiple references comparing modern struggle with biblical parables and figures make appearances in the writing, quoting the Hebrew Bible and the New Testament alike. These comparisons are especially relevant in the note, due to its audience. King calls on these men of religion and encourages them to honor the religious traditions they are so proud of by acting accordingly. He states that it is not only religious tradition, but the sacred heritage of our nation and the eternal will of God that will see his cause to success.Quotes from Kings speeches and writings are still used in modern times in relation to civil rights, freedom, and similar causes, as well as in remembrance of a tumultuous period in US history. One of Kings most notable statements that is still widely recognized stems from its original use in Letter From a Birmingham JailInjustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere. This quote is one of several inscribed on the Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial in Washington, DC, which opened in August 2011.A sculpture in Birmingham dedicated to those who faced violence while protesting segregation in the South during the Civil Rights Era. Source: Library of Congress/Wikimedia CommonsThe letter closes with King claiming that One day the South will recognize its real heroes. He suggests that these heroes will be those who suffered and courageously worked to end segregation and see equality come to fruition.Looking back decades later, his closing seems prophetic. King was assassinated on April 4, 1968, just five years after Letter was released. He was shot by James Earl Ray while standing on the balcony at a Memphis hotel. Though Kings life ended in an untimely manner, his impact on the American Civil Rights Movement would live on. King is likely the figure most closely associated with the Movement and the idea of freedom for all. His works, including Letter and his famous I Have a Dream speech, are still essential primary sources for scholars and historians the world over.The Clergy RespondsA portrait by artist Robert Templeton illustrates the American Civil Rights Movement and cautions Lest We Forget. Source: Wikimedia CommonsLetter From a Birmingham Jail was not only mailed directly to clergy members, but was soon published and available to the general public. Two days after his stint in jail, King presented a version of his statements at the 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham. This speech was recorded and is currently held at the Birmingham Civil Rights Institute. Letter appeared in print in a Quaker periodical first, then later in The Century, a magazine to which King was a contributing editor.No official response to Kings Letter was ever issued by the members of the clergy who wrote the original letter of criticism. In 2011, a group of southern church leaders from Christian Churches Together in the USA (CCT) met in Birmingham and issued a one-page response to King in memoriam, highlighting the themes of remembering, repenting, and renewing the inspiration provided by Kings actions.Remembering King TodayThe Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial in Washington, DC. Source: Wikimedia CommonsMartin Luther King Jr.s legacy in America is undeniable, and his contributions to the cause of civil rights are as relevant today as they were in his time. On the 50th anniversary of Kings Letter in 2014, a professor from Samford University spoke at an event in which a historical marker was dedicated outside of the Birmingham Jail building where King was interred. History professor Jonathan Bass called the letter the most important written document of the Civil Rights Era.Though the United States has made strides in the area of civil rights since the 1960s, racism and oppression are still very real problems. Kings Letter challenges everyone to consider the existing historical patterns of these injustices and contemplate peaceful action in response.