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Bayeux Tapestry Scene 57: the death of King Harold at the Battle of Hastings, circa 1070 CE. Source: Myrabella, WikimediaThe 1066 Battle of Hastings became that critical battle that defined Englands future for centuries. Englands political status was at stake. Since 410 CE, the Saxons had ruled England, making it their own. Now, in 1066, William II, Duke of Normandy, claimed Englands throne as heir, threatening invasion. King Harold II denied the dukes claim, and others. All negotiations broke down, with war as the only recourse.The Battle of Hastings: CausesA tapestry showing Saint John the Evangelist (left) meeting King Edward the Confessor (right) and allegedly predicting the kings death in six months. Source: The National Archives (UK).The main reason behind this historic battle started with Englands King Edward the Confessors death on January 5, 1066. Importantly, Edward left no heir and one living relative, his sisters husband, Harold Godwinson. The Saxons hoped to avoid a succession crisis and chose Harold to become King Harold II. But their swift selection fueled the crisis as William II and Norways King, Harold Hardrada, pressed their claims. Angrily, both men began to gather their forces.Williams Claim on Englands ThroneWilliam II of England (top right corner), from Historia Anglorum, by Matthew Paris, c. 1253, accessed. Source: British LibraryUpon hearing of Harolds coronation, William reportedly became angry, recalling Harolds pledge of support for Englands throne from two years before. In 1064, Harold traveled to Normandy for unknown reasons. Somehow, fate shipwrecked Harold on the Normandy coast, and a local noble imprisoned him. Duke William rescued Harold by force or ransom but, in return, required a pledge of fealty. Whether voluntary or coerced, William took Harolds fealty seriously.William also claimed Edward named him as his successor in 1051. Based on this, in addition to Harold ignoring the oath, William decided to invade.Who Else Claimed Englands Throne?King Harold Godwinson and his oath to William, Bayeux Tapestry, 11th century, Source:Wikimedia CommonsNorways King Harald, too, claimed Englands throne, adding to King Harolds woes. The Norwegian Kings complicated right came from King Edward. Before his death, Edward had negotiated with Harald, saying he may have a claim. Edward had ruled England since Cnut the Greats death, leaving England, Denmark, and Norway in limbo.Key Dates for the Battle of HastingsA scene from the Bayeux Tapestry showing King Edward the Confessor sending Harold Godwinson to Normandy. Source: Myrabella / Wikimedia CommonsThe battle occurred on October 14, 1066. Williams mixed infantry and cavalry forces landed at Pevensey two weeks before the battle, building fortifications. Once organized, he marched towards London. A shocked King Harold learned of the landings soon after. However, the English King had an exhausted army in York, far to the North. But he recognized the peril with the Normans on Londons doorstep.King Harold Up NorthHarald Hadrada, Stained glass window in Lerwick Town Hall. Source: Ancient OriginsThough William II caught his opponent flatfooted with his landing, Harolds presence in the North was required. The Viking Norway King Harald sprang an invasion on September 18, 1066, seeking the throne. Harold mustered his troops, marching his infantry to meet the Norwegians. On September 20, 1066, they clashed at the Battle of Stamford Bridge. The English defeated the Viking invaders, even killing King Harald. But on September 28, Harold pivoted, marching his fatigued army quickly south to stop the Normans.Where the Battle Took PlaceAn 1868 drawing of the Battle of Hastings, which occurred on October 14, 1066, and resulted in a Norman victory over the Anglo-Saxons. Source: Joseph Martin Kronheim / Wikimedia CommonsThe actual Battle of Hastings took place at Senlac Hill, near Hastings. Harold arrived first on October 13, building defensive positions. The next day, William IIs forces arrived, and fighting commenced at 9 AM. The Normans attacked Harolds Saxon shield wall, their archers showering them with arrows. Yet the Saxon shield wall held, repelling Norman attacks throughout the morning.How William IIs Tactics Led to VictoryThe Battle of Hastings. Source: thehistoryproject.co.ukThe Norman knights mobility gave Duke William an advantage over the Saxons. William used bait-and-flee tactics to draw the Saxons out as the battle continued. Those who pursued were cut off and destroyed. This weakened Harolds shield wall, killing his professional soldiers, who he replaced with mobilized soldiers. These men tended not to be as steady. The constant arrow barrage helped, too. The break William needed happened in the afternoon. Sources differ, but King Harold died, hit by an arrow in the eye.This, plus the Normans grinding attacks, broke the English lines. Williams men hit harder, killing many. Historians and survivors accounts think that maybe half of the English troops perished, and the Normans lost a quarter.The Battle of Hastings: A Turning PointA photograph of Warwick Castle in England, which began construction in 1068 and is a classic example of a Norman castle. Source: DeFacto / Wikimedia CommonsWith Harolds death and the decisive defeat, Duke William II marched on London. Crowned King on Christmas Day, 1066, meant social and political changes were coming. The Normans introduced feudalism, replacing the Saxon nobles with Norman ones, thus creating a military class. French replaced English in many areas but eventually blended into modern English.The Normans introduced Continental architecture, such as Romanesque churches and stone castles. The Normans used castles as control points, fighting the rebellions that occurred for several years. However, William the Conquerors victory meant the Normans settled in, making England the country the world knows today.