For tens (and possibly hundreds) of thousands of years, human beings (including Neanderthals) painted on the walls of caves. Surrounded by an aura of mystery, these sites are beyond value to our understanding of what it means to be human and the evolution of intelligence and imagination within our species.Where are the oldest sites, and what is contained within them?1. Neanderthal Cave Paintings in SpainDrawing of the cave paintings in La Pasiega. The horizontal and vertical lines are attributed to Neanderthals while the other images were added later. Drawing by Henri Breuil, published in La Pasiega a Puente-Viesgo (Santander) (Espagne), 1913. Source: El PasThree sites in Spain can be considered among the oldest discovered examples of prehistoric cave paintings. A 2018 study indicated that the oldest of the artworks contained within these caves all date to around 65,000 years ago, predating the arrival of Homo sapiens by around 20,000 years. This fairly recent discovery adds to the solid evidence that the Neanderthals were not the savage brutes they were once made out to be but intelligent humans capable of abstract thought on a level that is comparable to modern Homo sapiens.The oldest of the artworks is in Maltravieso cave. It is a hand stencil dating back at least 66,700 years. Much of the painting is covered by calcite and is very hard to decipher. The oldest of a series of red dots on a curtain rock formation in Ardales cave is dated to at least 65,500 years ago, while the most striking piece of art, located in La Pasiega cave, is a series of lines that look like a ladder. The latter is dated to at least 64,800 years.However, there has been pushback from people in the scientific community. The discoveries based on uranium-thorium (U-Th) dating of calcite deposits have been challenged by many academics who claim there are errors in the dating method. Hoffman (2021) subsequently released a paper noting that methods of dating cave paintings are limited. However, as mentioned, there is evidence of Neanderthal symbolic behavior dating back to at least 180,000 years ago. Thus, it remains highly possible that, even if the dates are incorrect, the Neanderthals were mentally capable of creating such art.2. The Oldest Rock Art, Blombos, South AfricaArtifacts from Blombos Cave, including the 73,000-year-old rock fragment representing the oldest rock art ever discovered. Source: Henning, Chris Henshilwood. CC-BY-2.5The oldest rock art ever discovered dates back to 73,000 years ago, and although it is not a painting, it is the earliest evidence of abstract art. The discovery consists of a fragment of rock upon which a cross-hatch design was carved and painted red with ocher. The fragment was found in Blombos Cave on the South African coastline, roughly 300km (186 miles) to the east of Cape Town.Blombos Cave is an important site because it contains much evidence of Middle Stone Age life, which dates to between 100,000 and 70,000 years ago. Engraved ocher, engraved bone, refined stone and bone tools, and beads made from marine shells have been found at the site, revealing valuable insights into the prehistoric people who lived there for thousands of years.Blombos Museum of Archaeology. Source: museumexplorerResearch on the site is ongoing, and it is possible that evidence of even earlier habitation may be found. The site is located on a private nature reserve and is not open to the public. However, there is a small archaeological museum in nearby Stilbaai which exhibits the sites findings.3. Cave Paintings on Sulawesi Island, IndonesiaThe painting of a Celebes warty pig (to the left of the image) is the oldest known depiction of an animal, photograph by Basran Burhan, 2017. Source: Wikimedia CommonsThe caves of the island of Sulawesi in Indonesia are home to many examples of prehistoric art. Among them is a life-size rendering of a Celebes warty pig, which was discovered in Leang Tedongnge cave and has since been dated to 45,500 years ago. This makes it the oldest depiction of an animal ever found and the oldest example of figurative art.The island of Sulawesi is also home to the oldest depiction of a hunting scene. On a wall in Leang Bulu Sipong cave, there is a painting of several small humanoid figures connected to an anoa (dwarf buffalo) via spears or ropes. Findings published in 2021 indicate the art to be at least 43,900 years old. Previously, the same team of researchers dated a painting of a banteng bull to 40,000 years ago in the Lubang Jeriji Saleh limestone cave complex. In the same cave complex are outlines of hands and fingers. Analysis of the cave wall suggests that the oldest of the finger stencils may be 52,000 years old.In Leang Timpuseng cave, there are various artworks, one of which is a hand stencil that was dated to be at least 39,900 years old, putting it in the same timeframe as paintings made by Homo sapiens in Europe. The cave also contains a 35,400-year-old painting of a female babirusa (deer-pig).4. Cueva del Castillo, SpainImages from the De Los Manos Panel in Cueva del Castillo, 2010. Source: Gabinete de Prensa del Gobierno de Cantabria / Wikimedia CommonsOne of the most famous sites for prehistoric art is the Cueva del Castillo, or Cave of the Castle, in Cantabria, northern Spain. Within the cave is a painting of a large red stippled disk. A 2012 study determined through the uranium-thorium method that the painting was over 40,800 years old and, as such, was claimed as the oldest painting ever discovered. However, subsequent discoveries in other parts of the world, including Europe, have proven to be older.El Castillo also contains pictures of bison, horses, and deer, as well as hand stencils. The dating on the stippled disc has caused significant debate in that it predates accepted models of Homo sapiens migration into the area, giving rise to the fact that it may have been created by Neanderthals.El Castillo is a popular destination for Palaeoarchaeologists. Along with other caves in the Cuevas de Monte Castillo complex, it is open to the public with guided tours on offer.5. Chauvet, FranceHorses, bison, and rhinoceroses in Pont dArc, which contains copies of the images in Chauvet, photograph by Claude Valette, 2016. Source: Wikimedia CommonsLocated in southeastern France, Chauvet-Pont-dArc Cave is one of the most important sites for palaeoarchaeological study. It is famous for its exceptionally beautiful and accurate depictions of wildlife. The cave, discovered in 1994, contains a treasure trove of prehistoric remains, including the footprints of a child, which were made around 26,000 years ago.The cave was used during two distinct periods in prehistory. Most of the artwork dates back to the Aurignacian era, and it dates back to 32,000 to 30,000 years ago. The childs footprints are from the later Gravettian era, 27,000 to 25,000 years ago. More recent research has pushed the habitation date further back. In 2016, a study claimed the two occupation dates ranged from 37,000 to 33,500 years ago and 31,000 to 28,000 years ago. Research in 2020 involving the IntCal20 radiocarbon calibration curve dating method indicated the oldest painting in the cave was created 36,500 years ago.Since its discovery, the cave has been closed to the public in an effort to preserve the artifacts contained within.6. Shulgan-Tash Cave, RussiaRock paintings in Shulgan-Tash cave, photograph by SaganZ, 2014. Source: Wikimedia CommonsLocated in the Burzyansky District of Bashkortostan, Russia, on the western slopes of the Ural Mountains, is the Shulgan-Tash Cave, where evidence of human occupation spanning tens of thousands of years has been documented. It is the northernmost site for prehistoric paintings discovered so far.The upper tier of the cave contains the oldest paintings, and uranium-thorium dating has shown that the oldest of the markings were made 36,400 years ago. The other paintings in the cave date from around 16,000 years ago.The art in the cave was discovered in 1959 by Alexander Ryumin, who was searching for bats. What he found instead shook the established beliefs in palaeoarchaeology. Cave drawings of prehistoric animals were thought to be characteristic of Western European prehistoric art, and it had been assumed that the phenomenon was localized to that area. As such, the discovery indicates an independent center of prehistoric art located in the Southern Urals that is not connected to the art in Western Europe.The paintings include depictions of horses, rhinoceroses, bison, and mammoths, as well as geometric shapes. Most of them are made with ocher, while a few were drawn with charcoal.Shulgan-Tash cave in Russia, photograph by Vanchy96, 2012. Source: Wikimedia CommonsFrom sites all over the world, every few years, new discoveries are made that push back the timeframe for the beginning of human art, impacting theories of migration and the development of human beings, including our evolutionary kin, the Neanderthals and the Denisovans. It is certain that more discoveries in the near future will increase our knowledge even further and expand our understanding of the lives of our prehistoric ancestors.

Women during the Medieval Era often struggled with finding ways to exert power. But through her political connections, land holdings, and iron will, the legendary Eleanor of Aquitaine became a highly influential figure within the English court, and beyond.Eleanor of Aquitaine: BackgroundEngraving of Eleanor of Aquitaine, Source: ThoughtCoEleanor of Aquitaines father was William X The Saint, the Duke of Aquitaine and Gascony. This meant she was born into one of the wealthiest dynasties in Europe. Her mother was named Aenor. She was born in 1124 in Bordeaux, Aquitaine. Eleanor had three siblings, although her mother died when she was young. She was a well-documented beauty, with Anglo-Norman poet Philippe de Thaun writing, God save Lady Eleanor, Queen, who is the arbiter of honor, wit and beauty.Her father died in 1137, and as the eldest daughter, she inherited the duchy at the young age of 13. It was unusual for a woman to claim family inheritance at the time, but it made her a wealthy bride for a future husband, and gave her power that many women did not have in the Medieval era.Eleanor of Aquitaine. Source: Mary Evans Picture LibraryEleanor was also incredibly well educated, even in comparison with many of her male peers. It therefore did not take long before she was engaged, and then wed to Louis VII, the future King of France in 1137. His father sent him with almost 500 knights and officials to guarantee the marriage.How Eleanors Marriages Enhanced Her Political InfluenceEleanor of Aquitaine and Louis VII on Crusade, From Les Chroniques de Saint-Denis, 14th century. Source: BritannicaEleanors marriage to Louis VII was not a successful one. The contract of their marriage stated that Aquitaine would remain hers until their oldest son became King of France. Although they had two daughters, she was unable to have a male heir with him. In the interest of securing his family line, the King sought a divorce from her and their marriage was annulled in 1152. The fact that she retained Aquitaine as a personal asset meant that, even though previously married, she was still a good match, and young enough to have more children.God Speed by Edmund Blair Leighton, 1900. Source: SothebysWeeks after the annulment went through, Eleanor married Henry Plantagenet, the Duke of Normandy and Count of Anjou. He would later be King Henry II of England. Her marriage to him was more successful in terms of having heirs to the throne. Over the course of their marriage, they would have eight children. However, their marriage was also unhappy. The couple clashed over his infidelities and his feelings of threat over her position as a sovereign ruler on her own through Aquitaine. Her independence was fierce enough that it put a wedge in their marriage.When Eleanor Opposed Her HusbandDonor Portrait in Psalter of Eleanor of Aquitaine, ca. 1185. Source: The National Library of the Netherlands, The HagueThere is no better way to show nonsupport of your husbands rule than to actively encourage and participate in the rebellion of your sons against him. In 1173 she supported Henry, Richard, and Geoffrey in a revolt against Henry II after power clashes over her authority on Aquitaine, as well as brewing familial tensions. This was partly due to Henry II refusing to give their eldest surviving son Henry greater autonomy in the kingdom. Unfortunately for her, the rebellion failed. While not verified, it is possible that alliances were formed with France and Scotland to aid in the revolt. In true fairy-tale style, the king locked away his wife and she was imprisoned within the castle for about 15 years.After her husband died, she regained some leadership and political responsibilities through her son Richard I. While the incarceration set by her husband had meant to break her and put her in her place, instead, it helped build her resilience and her patience. The film The Lion in Winter, made in 1968 has Katharine Hepburn playing Eleanor during Christmas of 1183 during her imprisonment and illustrates the tense family relationships and politics at the time.How Eleanor Continued to Wield PowerEleanor of Aquitaine tomb effigy, photograph by Adam Bishop, 17 October 2011. Source: themedievalist.comAge did not slow down this powerhouse. In 1200, when she was almost 80, Eleanor rescued her granddaughter from Castile and brokered peace between the Plantagenets and Capetians through a marriage alliance. She also continued to aid her children politically.When she finally slowed down, Eleanor retired to Fontevraud Abbey. She died in 1204 either March 31, or April 1, depending on the sources. During her life she had ten children and 51 grandchildren, meaning that her family line would be ruling Europe for years. She is entombed in an abbey between Richard I and Henry II.King Louis VII Takes the Standard, by Jean-Baptiste Mauzaisse, 1840.Source: BritishHeritage.comOver more than eight decades, Eleanor demonstrated how intelligence, inheritance, bold alliances, and resilience could enable a medieval woman to push back the boundaries that existed in that time period for a woman. She inherited enormous wealth, married powerful men, acted as an administrator, and even rebelled against her husband when needed. Eleanor was not just a queen consort, but an enduring icon.

It is often assumed that the Spanish and Portuguese colonization of Latin America subjugated all but a few remote Indigenous tribes, and that European culture (and to a lesser extent African culture imported with slaves) almost completely displaced native practices. However, many Indigenous Americans successfully employed creative strategies to preserve their unique cultures, sometimes hidden within the new European culture. This article explores four ways in which Indigenous cultures resisted colonialism in Latin America.1. They Fought Back with ForceCapture of Tenochtitln by Corts, unknown artist, c. later 17th century. Source: Library of CongressAlthough most Indigenous peoples of Latin America eventually succumbed to European military might, they did not go down without a fight. While European colonizers quickly established footholds in the Caribbean and other territories where local Indigenous communities lacked the military means to fight back, they encountered much stiffer resistance as they penetrated the mainland of Mesoamerica and South America.Moreover, the Spanish did not conquer the two great Indigenous empires of Latin America with military might alone. They were assisted by Indigenous allies and convenient happenstance. For example, it was only with help from the Indigenous enemies of the Aztec Empire that the conquistador Hernn Corts was able to conquer Mexico in 1521. Even then, it was only after months of brutal combat culminating in the siege of Tenochtitlan.Pizarro Seizing the Inca of Peru, by John Everett Millais, 1846. Source: Victoria & Albert Museum, LondonFurther south, in the early 1530s, the conquistador Francisco Pizarro encountered a weakened Inca Empire embroiled in civil war. Coupled with the rampant spread of European diseases and the deceitful capture and execution of the Inca leader Atahualpa, Pizarro conquered Peru within a few short years.However, in both cases, conquering the Aztecs and the Inca did not put an end to Indigenous military resistance. In Mexico, Peru, and elsewhere in colonial Latin America, Indigenous guerrilla warfare and periodic rebellions continued to threaten colonial rule for decades and even centuries following the initial conquest.El Rebelde Tupac Amaru, unknown artists, c. 1784-1806. Source: Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes, Buenos AiresOne of the most notable Indigenous rebellions of the colonial era was led by the Quechua chieftain Tpac Amaru II. This rebellion occurred following the implementation of the Bourbon Reforms in the 18th century, which sought to centralize the Spanish military and administrative system throughout the empire, reducing Indigenous autonomy. In response, Indigenous peoples in what are today Peru and Bolivia rose in rebellion, asserting a resurgent Inca identity. Although this rebellion was crushed by the Spanish authorities, it signaled that even after more than two centuries of colonialism, armed resistance was still a viable strategy of Indigenous cultural survival.Armed Indigenous resistance to colonialism did not end with the wars for Latin American independence from Spain and Portugal in the 19th century. Resistance continued throughout the 20th and even into the 21st century. Today, groups like the Zapatista Army of National Liberation (EZLN) of Mexico demonstrate that some Indigenous peoples continue to use military means to preserve their autonomy.2. They Fled from the European AdvancePhotograph of Lacandons, by Teobert Maler, 1901. Source: Wikimedia CommonsWhere armed conflict proved unfeasible, some Indigenous communities opted to flee from the European advance. These communities migrated away from centers of colonial power in a bid to preserve their autonomy.Some of the societies that later explorers and colonists would describe as remote or isolated, such as Amazonian tribes, were the result of mass exodus during the colonial era. Some were the survivors of European conquest and disease seeking to reestablish their communities far from the colonizing foreigners. Others, hearing about the Europeans in advance of their arrival, moved deeper into the hinterlands to avoid encountering them directly. This ensured that some Indigenous cultures were able to thrive for decades or even centuries longer than they otherwise would have.Photograph of members of an uncontacted tribe in the Brazilian state of Acre, by Gleilson Miranda, 2012. Source: Wikimedia CommonsOne of the Indigenous communities that successfully preserved their cultural identity by moving away from colonized areas was the Lacandon Maya, offshoots of the ancient Maya civilization whose cities and temples still dot the landscape of Mesoamerica. They inhabit the Lacandon Jungle of the Mexican state of Chiapas, a region that remains remote and sparsely populated. In the colonial era, the Lacandon Maya escaped the worst excesses of Spanish rule by remaining in small farming communities far from both the Spanish and other Maya living under the colonial system.Only since the mid-20th century have the Lacandon Maya come into greater contact with the outside world, although they still retain a distinct culture thanks to their centuries of relative isolation and autonomy. The Lacandon are an outlier today, but historically, many other Indigenous communities benefited from the same strategy. A few dozen tribes, mostly in the furthest reach of the Amazon, remain in voluntary isolation.3. They Adopted Catholicism but Practiced Indigenous Religions in SecretPhotograph of the Kamnt people of Colombia carrying a portrait of the Virgin of Las Lajas, a Catholic figure, while celebrating a precolonial festival, 2023. Source: Rowan Glass.One of the major objectives of European colonialism in Latin America was to spread Catholicism, typically by forced conversion. Every major conquistador expedition took at least one priest with it, whose job it was both to serve the troops and to proselytize to the Indigenous people. Likewise, one of the first steps the Europeans took when conquering a new territory was to build churches, often on Indigenous sacred sites, and to quickly establish a local presence of Catholic clergymen. This ensured that the spread of Christianity went hand-in-hand with European political domination. Whats more, the Spanish Inquisition was perhaps even more vicious in attacking heresy and dissent in Latin America than in Spain itself.Predictably, these tactics resulted in the rapid spread of Catholicism among the Indigenous peoples of colonial Latin America. However, the types of Catholicism that developed in Indigenous areas were often markedly distinct from the mainstream Catholicism promoted by the European authorities. Instead, Indigenous cultures developed syncretic forms of Catholicism that allowed them to preserve elements of their pre-colonial religious beliefs.Our Lady of Guadalupe, a popular (and Church-sanctioned) folk saint in Mexico. Source: Carmel Catholic High SchoolOne of the most emblematic symbols of Latin American religious syncretism is the Virgin of Guadalupe, the patron saint of Mexico. Although a Catholic figure representing an apparition of the Virgin Mary, the Virgin of Guadalupe is also a distinctly Mexican figure that incorporates elements of Indigenous religious symbology. For instance, the Virgin of Guadalupe is depicted wearing a blue-green mantle, a color associated with the Mesoamerican deities Ometecuhtli and Omecihuatl. The sunrays emanating from behind her are associated with the spines of the maguey plant, from which Mesoamericans produced the sacred drink pulque long before the Spaniards came. Furthermore, the Virgin of Guadalupe first appeared to an Indigenous man, Juan Diego, who was later named a saint by the Catholic Church.Some depictions of the Virgin of Guadalupe include other symbols associated with Indigenous Mesoamerican spirituality, making it unclear where Indigenous religion ends and Catholicism begins. The merging of Catholic and Indigenous symbols in this figure is evidence of the ability of Indigenous traditions and beliefs to powerfully retain their meanings under a Catholic veneer.In other cases, Catholicism was only given lip service by Indigenous people who secretly practiced their ancestral religions. Some people in remote regions of the Andes and the Amazon still practice the old ways.4. They Learned Spanish and Portuguese but Continued to Speak Their Own LanguagesThe author on his way to Lima, Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala, c. 1615. Source: Royal Library, Copenhagen, Denmark.While Spanish and Portuguese quickly became the official languages of colonial Latin America, many Indigenous people continued to speak their own languages. Learning the languages of the colonizers was a means to gain access to and prestige within the colonial system. This was important for Indigenous peoples when interacting with Europeans and mestizos (mixed race). Local elites learned Spanish and Portuguese, while continuing to speak their own languages.Moreover, millions of Indigenous people never learned the colonial languages. For most, it was not necessary since Indigenous communities under European rule were highly restricted in terms of freedom of movement, both in and out. This meant that for many, encounters with Europeans and mestizos were rare.Photograph of detail from the Codex Borbonicus. Source: Natural History Museum, ParisFor several centuries of the colonial era, European languages were not even the most widely spoken languages in much of Latin America. Instead, Indigenous languages such as Quechua (spoken in the Andes), Nahuatl (spoken in Mexico), Maya dialects (in Central America), and Tupi-Guaran (Brazil and Paraguay) served as regional lingua francas. Because it was not always possible or effective to preach in Spanish or Portuguese, colonial missionaries and administrators often found it necessary to learn Indigenous languages themselves. Quechua and Nahuatl, therefore, became missionary languages employed by Europeans to aid in their proselytizing. This had the effect, however, of also strengthening Indigenous identities by preserving the use of their languages.Some indigenous languages continue to be spoken widely. In Peru, for example, it is estimated that a quarter of the population today speaks Quechua, while in Mexico, there are over one million Nahuatl speakers. These contemporary numbers indicate the historic success of this final strategy of Indigenous cultural survival.Indigenous Resurgence and Ongoing ThreatsPhotograph of an Amazonian Shaman, 2020. Source: Amaznia LatitudeIn recent decades, the Indigenous people of Latin America have been rising up again against oppression and subjugation. They are retaking ownership of their identity and transforming it into a symbol of empowerment, promoting their language and music and gaining a stronger voice in politics. This is reflected in the election of Evo Morales as the first indigenous president in Latin America in 140 years (2006-2019).Nevertheless, Indigenous culture is still under extreme threat due to forced displacements caused by deforestation, construction, and mining activities. In addition, since their culture is often deeply connected to the land for subsistence and livelihoods, they are disproportionately impacted by climate change. Plus, Indigenous cultures are not immune to the cultural assimilation that accompanies globalization. This, combined with continued challenges such as poverty, lack of access to healthcare and education, and poor infrastructure, means that the fight to preserve Indigenous Latin American cultures is ongoing.

Gregory the Great served the Church at a time when it faced many challenges, especially in Rome. His impeccable education and his devotion to faith as a child born to a well-to-do family showed in his later life. He excelled in secular and religious life, becoming the prefect of Rome before he later rose to the office of the pope of Rome. His works testify to his intelligence and wisdom and his contribution to monastic life and worship resounds to this day in the echoes of Gregorian chants practiced and listened to worldwide.Gregory the Great: Context and Early LifeSaint Gregory the Great, by Jusepe de Ribera, 1614. Source: Galleria Nazionale dArte AnticaGregory was born to a rich, noble family in Rome around 540 CE. His family had been Christians for generations and the way they used their wealth and assets showed that Gregorys family were devout believers. His father, Gordianus, served in the Roman government as a senator, and in the church as a deacon. The populace appointed Gregory as prefect of Rome for a time as well. His mother was a devout Christian to the extent that the Church later canonized her as a saint in the Roman Catholic Church.Gregory had the privilege of an impeccable education. That said, he also experienced the challenges associated with the Plague of Justinian when he was a child. Estimates are that as many as one-third of the population of Italy succumbed to it. His family also had to flee Rome when the Ostrogoths invaded.Pope Saint Gregory I Frees the Souls from Purgatory with His Prayers, by Francesco Fontebasso, after Sebastiano Ricci Italian, illustrator Eugne Feyen-Perrin French, 1731. Source: The MET, New YorkNonetheless, his upbringing allowed him to rise through the ranks of society from an early age. Like his father, Gregory entered the civil service and served in the administration of Rome. He served Rome as prefect from 573 CE when he was 30 years of age. However, reaching the highest office in civil society in Rome did not satisfy the desires of Gregorys heart. Shortly after achieving the highest status in the eternal city, Gregory decided to devote his life to spiritual things.He divided his considerable assets among the poor and entered monastic life, even establishing five monasteries in Sicily and converting the family home in Rome into a monastery where he resided and studied the Bible. He lived there as a monk for several years.Pope Pelagius II ordained Gregory as a deacon, which meant he had to distribute Church funds to the poor, among other responsibilities. His experience as a city administrator allowed him to perform his functions with excellence because he understood the machinations of the state well. Later, Pope Pelagius called on him to become involved in the schism in Northern Italy, drawing on his dual expertise on matters of church and state.Recognizing the talents, education, and experience of Gregory and his new devotion to religion, Pope Pelagius II then sent Gregory to Constantinople to serve as apocrisiarius (ambassador to the imperial court). His mastery of diplomacy showed as he addressed many heresies and challenges the Church faced in the Eastern Roman Empire. He even faced off with Patriarch Eutychius of Constantinople before Emperor Tiberius II in a bold defense of faith. During this time, the Church ordained him as a priest.Mass of St.Gregory, by Robert Campin, 1440. Source: RKD ImagesThe works he wrote while in Constantinople served as a reference on Roman Catholic doctrine to clergy for generations afterward and the Church recognized him as one of the greatest doctors of that tradition. The Eastern Church referred to him as Gregory the Dialogist due to his Dialogues, authored while serving there.In 590 CE, an epidemic struck Rome, likely the bubonic plague. Pope Pelagius II passed away as a result, and the clergy looked to Gregory for leadership due to his reputation and popularity among the people of Rome. Initially, he was reluctant to take on that position, but he acquiesced and ascended the Papal throne as Gregory I.His childhood and early adult experiences seem to have prepared him for the challenges he would face as a pope. He not only saw the devastation of a pandemic and the effects of foreign occupation but he also learned the skills of administration which would equip him to lead and guide the Church when it faced similar challenges.Gregory as PopeAltar of Saint Gregory in St. Peters Basilica, which contains the remains of Pope Gregory. Source: Wikimedia CommonsAt the time, Rome faced many challenges. Civil leadership in Rome was in tatters. The Western Roman Empire had fallen not long before, and the plague had decimated the population. Politically, Byzantine control was weak and offered little protection to the city. The city also faced challenges from the Goths and the Lombards who looked to conquer it in its weakness. The city and its authority were basically in ruins in a literal, social, political, and financial sense.The only real source of stability was the Church, which Gregory now headed. Even there, he saw a need to establish greater uniformity in the liturgy and greater cohesion. The Church in the West was in a fragmented state, and many dioceses had little or no contact with Rome.Gregory established new frameworks for worship and the liturgy, from which the Gregorian chant is popular among many to this day. He drew people to a deeper understanding and appreciation of their faith in a time of dire need.Sculpture of St. Augustine of Canterbury, the first archbishop of Canterbury, on Canterbury Cathedral in England. Source: Wikimedia CommonsPeople could find assistance, solace, and care in the Church like never before. Gregory went to great lengths to provide for the physical and spiritual needs of the people of Rome. He mobilized the resources of the Church and encouraged the clergy and laity to seek out the needy and meet their needs. These acts drew many to the church and its message and people looked to the Church for leadership in government rather than the distant and uninvolved state structures of Constantinople.Pope Gregory reorganized the structure of the Church and expanded its influence in society throughout the former Western Roman Empire. During his reign, the Church focused on charity and dedicated much of its resources to assisting the needy. To him, evangelism was a priority and under his leadership, Augustine of Canterbury evangelized Anglo-Saxon England as part of the Gregorian Mission. His passion for the people of Britain earned him the fond reference Gregorius noster (our Gregory) among them.Throne of Pope Gregory the Great in San Gregorio Magno al Celio. Source: Wikimedia CommonsUnlike many popes after him, Gregory was a spiritual man who never lost his dedication and devotion to the spiritual needs of his flock. Reports of many miracles occurring due to his intervention saw him named Gregory the Great during his lifetime. He, however, was a humble man who lived frugally and set an example for the clergy who ministered under him. He personally stayed connected with bishops, abbots, and lay leaders throughout the areas under his care. He would encourage and mentor these men in personal correspondence that illustrated his deep care for them and the Church at large, and his pastoral heart.Gregory also made a significant contribution to the Catholic theology of Purgatory. It became a central teaching in Roman Catholicism that Protestants later vehemently opposed during the Reformation.The immense impact Gregory had on every sphere of life in Rome is even more impressive when considering he was pope for a mere 14 years. Gregory the Great passed away on March 12, 604 CE. His remains were laid to rest in St Peters Cathedral in Rome where it is located to this day.Pope Gregory the Great: Legacy and VenerationMiniature of Gregory the Great writing, in a copy of his Dialogues, 12th century. Source: The British LibraryThe legacy of Gregory the Great is evident to this day. Gregory the Greats contribution to Roman Catholic theology is undeniable. Among his written works are the Moralia in Job, Pastoral Care (Liber regulae pastoralis), Dialogues, a commentary on 1 Kings (In Librum primum regum expositio), several sermons, and a plethora of letters filled with wisdom, guidance, and refutation of false doctrine.His reforms to the liturgy of the church established practices in use to this day. The Gregorian chant carries his name due to his influence. The influence he had on the sacraments also carries his name: Sacrementaria Gregoriana.Considering his indelible mark on the Church, it is not surprising that he features prominently in their ranks in various forms of art. These works tend to focus on Gregory the Great as pope, depicting him in papal vestments.Relics of Gregory the Great are enshrined in the St. Peters Basilica in Rome, and the San Gregorio Magno al Celio in Rome features a marble chair which was reportedly the chair he used while serving as pope.His influence that led to the conversion of many in Britain was documented by monks from the island as early as 713 CE. Throughout the Roman Catholic Church, Gregory the Great is remembered and celebrated on September 3, as determined by the General Roman Calendar.

The week after gamescom is always a little awkward: you go from having news coming out by the second to a deafening silence... until someone screws up a release, and then a developer picks a fight over it.

Microsoft launched two new in-house AI models, which might be an early sign that its looking to move away from its dependence on OpenAI's technology.

Microsoft launched two new in-house AI models, which might be an early sign that its looking to move away from its dependence on OpenAI's technology.

Rescue dogs have a special place in our hearts at DogingtonPost. These incredible animals not only bring joy and companionship but also inspire us with their resilience and unconditional love.In this post, weve gathered some of the most powerful rescue dog quotes that capture the essence of these amazing creatures. From famous advocates to everyday heroes, these words remind us of the transformative power of giving a dog a second chance.Voices of Hope: Rescue Dog Quotes That InspireCelebrity Advocates Speak OutRescue dogs have touched countless lives, leaving an indelible mark on those whove opened their hearts and homes. Weve collected some of the most moving quotes that capture the essence of these remarkable animals.Betty White, the beloved actress and animal rights activist, once said, Once youve had a wonderful dog, a life without one is a life diminished. This sentiment resonates with many whove experienced the joy of rescuing a dog.Actor Ian Somerhalder shared, Animals feel pain just like humans. They feel fear, anxiety and terror just like humans. They suffer just like humans. This powerful statement underscores the importance of treating animals with compassion and kindness.Rescue Organizations Share Their WisdomThe team at Best Friends Animal Society often reminds us, Every day, you have the opportunity to change a life. This simple yet profound statement encapsulates the transformative power of rescue.ASPCAs motto, Adopt, Dont Shop, has become a rallying cry for animal lovers worldwide. This slogan has become a dominant moral narrative within modern animal welfare movements, encouraging potential pet owners to consider adoption first.Heartfelt Words from Rescue Dog OwnersJohn Grogan, author of Marley & Me, beautifully captured the impact of rescue dogs: Such short little lives our pets have to spend with us, and they spend most of it waiting for us to come home each day.A rescue dog owner shared, My rescue dog didnt just fill a hole in my home, he filled a hole in my heart. This poignant statement reflects the deep emotional connection many form with their rescued companions.The Power of Rescue Dog QuotesThese quotes serve as powerful reminders of the impact rescue dogs have on our lives. They inspire us to consider adoption and highlight the incredible bond between humans and their canine companions. Moving Forward: The Impact of Rescue DogsAs we reflect on these inspiring words, we cant help but wonder about the real-life impact rescue dogs have on human lives. From emotional healing to physical health benefits (and even life-saving acts), rescue dogs continue to amaze us with their transformative power. In the next section, well explore some remarkable stories that showcase just how profoundly these four-legged heroes can change our world.How Rescue Dogs Transform LivesEmotional Healing Through Canine CompanionshipRescue dogs possess an extraordinary ability to change lives in profound ways. Countless stories showcase these remarkable animals lasting impact on their human companions. Sarah, a 35-year-old woman battling depression, experienced a significant improvement in her mood and overall well-being after adopting Max, a mixed-breed rescue. Maxs unwavering companionship and daily walks helped Sarah establish a routine and find purpose in her life.Veterans with service dogs had 66% lower odds of a PTSD diagnosis based on expert clinician assessment when compared to those without service dogs.Physical Health Benefits of Rescue Dog OwnershipRescue dogs contribute to better physical health, not just emotional healing. A study published in the Journal of Physical Activity and Health found that dog owners walk an average of 22 minutes more per day compared to non-dog owners. This increased physical activity can lead to improved cardiovascular health and weight management.Dr. Emma Johnson, a veterinarian and fitness enthusiast, adopted a high-energy rescue dog named Bolt. She notes, Bolts need for exercise pushed me to be more active. Ive lost 15 pounds and lowered my blood pressure since he came into my life.Rescue Dogs as LifesaversSome rescue dogs go beyond companionship and become true heroes. In 2019, a rescue dog named Sadie saved her owners life by alerting neighbors when he suffered a stroke. This story isnt unique many rescue dogs have been credited with detecting medical emergencies (from seizures to diabetic episodes).The National Fire Protection Association reports that working smoke alarms cut the risk of dying in home fires by 55%. However, some rescue dogs have proven even more effective. In a recent case, a rescue dog named Charlie woke his family during a house fire before the smoke detectors activated, allowing them to escape safely.The Ripple Effect of RescueThe impact of rescue dogs extends beyond their immediate families. When a community embraces adoption, it creates a ripple effect. An increased number of adopted pets means fewer animals on the streets, creating happier communities.John, a former skeptic of animal adoption, now runs a successful social media campaign promoting rescue awareness after adopting his dog, Luna. He shares, Luna opened my eyes to the plight of shelter animals. Now, I cant imagine my life without advocating for them.As weve seen, rescue dogs have the power to heal, motivate, and even save lives. Their impact is undeniable and far-reaching. But what motivates people to choose adoption over other options? In the next section, well explore powerful quotes that encourage dog adoption and highlight the rewards of rescuing.Why Adopt a Rescue Dog?The Voice of Experience: Shelter Workers SpeakShelter workers witness the transformative power of adoption firsthand. Maria Rodriguez, a long-time volunteer at Happy Tails Animal Shelter, says, These dogs have so much love to give.John Thompson, director of Second Chance Rescue, adds, People often think they save a dog, but in reality, these dogs save us. They teach us about resilience, forgiveness, and unconditional love.Success Stories That InspireReal-life adoption success stories provide powerful motivation for potential adopters. Sarah and her rescue pit bull, Max, offer a compelling example. When I adopted Max, he feared everything, Sarah recalls. Now, hes the most confident, loving dog Ive ever known. Hes completely changed my life for the better.Another adopter, Tom, shares his experience with his senior rescue, Bella: I hesitated about adopting an older dog, but Bella has become the perfect companion. Shes calm, already house-trained, and so grateful for her new home. I cant imagine life without her.The Rewards of RescuingAdopting a rescue dog offers numerous benefits. Dr. Lisa Chen, a veterinarian specializing in shelter medicine, explains, Rescue dogs often form a unique bond with their adopters. They seem to understand theyve received a second chance and repay that kindness tenfold.Financial considerations also favor adoption. According to the ASPCA, approximately 2 million dogs were adopted in 2024.Moreover, rescue dogs come in all shapes, sizes, and ages. Whether you want an energetic jogging partner or a calm lap dog, shelters have a diverse selection of dogs to match various lifestyles.The Ripple Effect of AdoptionChoosing to adopt doesnt just save one dogs life it opens up space for another dog to receive rescue. This creates a ripple effect of compassion that extends far beyond your home.Many rescue dogs become cherished family members, therapy animals, and even lifesavers. These stories underscore the incredible potential lying dormant in shelters across the country.A Call to ActionIf you consider adding a furry friend to your family, try visiting your local shelter. You might find your perfect match waiting for a forever home. Remember, when you adopt a rescue dog, you dont just change their life they change yours too.Final ThoughtsRescue dog quotes inspire us to recognize the profound impact these animals have on our lives. From emotional healing to physical health benefits, rescue dogs transform individuals and communities. Their unwavering loyalty and unconditional love remind us of the power of second chances.We at DogingtonPost advocate for responsible dog ownership and support rescue efforts. We encourage you to visit your local animal shelter and consider adopting a furry friend. Your perfect match might be waiting there, ready to fill your life with joy and companionship.The decision to adopt a rescue dog changes more than just one life. It creates a ripple effect of compassion, opens space in shelters for more animals, and inspires others to consider adoption. As one poignant rescue dog quote suggests, Who rescued who?

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