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The Battle of Guadalcanal began with U.S. Marines landing on the island of Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands on August 7, 1942. The Japanese, who had occupied areas of the Solomon Islands during the first six months of 1942, reacted swiftly, starting a vicious air, land, and naval campaign that lasted until February 1943. The U.S. invaded Guadalcanal to stop further Japanese expansion. Japanese plans included an airfield to attack Australian-bound convoys. The island provided a base for future offensive operations south towards Fiji or other locations.Setting the StageMap showing Japanese control of the western Pacific area between May and August 1942The Japanese began landings and occupation of several areas in the British Solomon Islands and Bougainville Island, in the Territory of New Guinea, during the first six months of 1942. Their purpose was the construction of naval and air bases to protect Japanese interests in the Pacific. It was also in response to the Australians capturing the Japanese naval base at Rabaul, New Britain, in January 1942.Despite severe losses from the Coral Sea and Midway battles, Japanese airfields were established across the region, the southernmost being Guadalcanal. This facilitated Japanese advances on Australia, such as the bombing of Darwin in February 1942. This was a problem for the U.S., which considered supply lines with Australia vital. Feeling confident after its victory at the Battle of Midway a month before, the U.S. risked an assault on Guadalcanal, which sat astride the shipping lanes.The Marines Have Landed: August 1942USS Quincy sinking, Japanese view. Source: Wikimedia CommonsOn August 7, 1942, 11,000 Marines landed on Guadalcanal, Tulagi, and other local islands, taking the big islands unfinished Japanese airfield. Stunned by the landing, the local Japanese troops resisted but soon retreated, leaving behind construction equipment to finish the airfield. Tulagis garrison fought to the last man. The Marines built a six-mile-long by three-mile-deep bridgehead and waited.The Japanese responded with airstrikes on the now American Henderson Airfield, Tulagi, and on ships. On August 8, at the first Battle of Savo Island, the Japanese sank four Allied heavy cruisers in a night attack. The U.S. Navy pulled back, fearful of attacks damaging its two remaining carriers. By the campaigns February 1943 conclusion, each side had lost 24 ships, from battleships to destroyers. The losses were so devastating that the Americans named the local waters Ironbottom Sound. The Japanese rapidly transferred troops from other bases and the Philippines.Henderson Field: August to December 1942Wrecked aircraft Henderson Field 1942 Source: U.S. Navy Heritage CommandSeveral factors made Henderson airfield, named for a deceased Marine, crucial to the battle. First, preventing Japan from using the airfield. Second, Henderson became known as an unsinkable aircraft carrier because of its immovable nature and strategic importance. The U.S. was able to carry out strikes or interceptions during the day with at least nine Marine, Army, and Navy squadrons. Due to American airpower, the Japanese resorted to fast destroyers to move supplies. However, the airfield became the target for all Japanese raids.From August to December, constant air battles raged over Henderson, intermingled with bombing raids. At night, Imperial Navy ships snuck in to shell the airfield. Two battleships, the Haruna and Kongo, fired 989 14-inch shells at Henderson on October 11 and 12. The Japanese also launched three significant attacks, all futile, with hundreds of casualties. The fighting around Henderson Field was as deadly as any in World War II.The Clash of Giants: November 1942Imperial Navy ships 1942: Wikimedia CommonsLike heavyweight boxers, the U.S. and Imperial Navies danced nightly around the waters of Guadalcanal. Both flung huge battlewagons into the melee. The Japanese tried to get desperately needed food to their starving troops. The U.S. sought to deny that and protect its forces.In one of the last battleship-only fights, the South Dakota and Washington tangled with the Japanese Kirishima on November 12th and 13th. The South Dakota, damaged by the Kirishima, fell away, leaving Washington to fire point-blank and sink the Japanese battleship.Japanese nightly supply runs dubbed The Tokyo Express, using fast destroyers, suffered heavy losses. During the day, American planes dominated the skies, sinking any ship discovered. Soon, Japanese submarines took over supplying, but they only carried enough supplies for the next day. At least three large convoys were pulverized by airpower trying to sneak into northern Guadalcanal.Jungle Conflicts: 1942-1943Beached Japanese transport Guadalcanal Source: The New York TimesAs fighting moved from sea to land, famous Guadalcanal fights include the Battles of the Tenaru, Henderson Field, and Bloody Ridge. The Americans brutally fought off tough Japanese attacks, but the Japanese could not replace or sustain their troops. The jungle was everyones enemy with nasty diseases like mosquito-borne malaria, dysentery, and jungle rot.Evacuation & ConclusionWounded soldiers at GuadalcanalIn January 1943, Japan decided to evacuate Guadalcanal. Staggering, irreplaceable losses of aircraft and ships swayed the decision. And with no control of the seas, Japanese troops began to starve and could not fight. In a clever but risky effort called Operation Ke, the Japanese navy used fast destroyers to evacuate its forces with few losses. By February 9, 1943, no Japanese remained on Guadalcanal.Japans painful defeat at Guadalcanal checked further expansion. Future battles were all defensive, consolidating previous gains. With Americas industrial might growing, fighting in the Pacific became a war of attrition, and the Japanese could not compete.

Public DomainThe rusted exterior of the SS United States.Once the fastest ocean linerin history, the SS United States is getting ready to take on a new title: the worlds largest artificial reef. The ship was retired in 1969 after 17 years of service and sat in various ports between Virginia and Philadelphia for more than 50 years. Then, in 2024, Okaloosa County, Florida, purchased the vessel for $1 million, and officials announced the plan to sink the SS United States and turn it into a reef. The ocean liner will join hundreds of other artificial reefs off the coast of Destin but its size will break records.The History Of The SS United StatesIn a TikTok video with over 462,000 views, @knightsofthesea the account of maritime attorneys at OBryan Law the camera pans over the SS United States. The ship is in rough condition: Rust cakes its hull, and its paint has faded significantly.Despite its present appearance, the TikToker notes in the caption that this was once a great vessel.She is the fastest ocean liner ever built, holding the transatlantic crossing world record since 1952 (top speed 38 knots/44 mph), the TikToker writes. Once the epitome of luxury, she hosted royalty and Hollywood legends like Marilyn Monroe, John Wayne, Marlon Brando, & Grace Kelly to name a few.Soon, the TikToker says, the ship will have a new home not in Mobile, Alabama, where it is currently docked, but at the bottom of the ocean. The SS United States is a storied ship. Designed by American naval architect William Francis Gibbs, the ocean liner was launched in 1951 and quickly made a splash internationally. During its maiden voyage in July 1952, the United States broke the record for the fastest trip from New York City to Cornwall, England, by more than 10 hours. Days later, the ship also broke the speed record for a westbound voyage across the Atlantic Ocean.Public DomainOn its maiden voyage, the SS United States crossed the Atlantic Ocean from New York Harbor to Cornwall, England in three days, 10 hours, and 40 minutes.Throughout its career, the SS United States played host to royalty, celebrities, and more. But by the 1960s, interest in ocean travel was waning due to the expansion of the airline industry. At the same time, United States Lines was in the midst of disputes with unions, meaning that passenger trips were frequently canceled or rescheduled, and service was unreliable.Eventually, the company decided to use the SS United States for closer, cruise-friendly destinations, such as the Caribbean. But by this time, the ship was becoming dated and expensive to run. While there was a brief attempt to revive transatlantic cruises, United States Lines eventually withdrew the vessel from service in November 1969.In the years since, a series of owners have tried and failed to make the ship profitable. One man bought the SS United States with plans to turn it into floating condominiums. Another tried to get the ocean liner running again, only to lose significant amounts of money trying to rid the vessel of asbestos. A conservancy was formed to save the ship, but it too faced financial troubles.Finally, in 2024, Floridas Okaloosa County decided to buy the SS United States and sink it near Destin to create the worlds largest artificial reef, giving the vessel an entirely new life on the seafloor. Why Are Officials Sinking The Historic Ocean Liner?For the owners of the ship, this seemingly out-of-the-box plan makes sense. Over the years, the United States has been stripped of most of its interior and mechanics, so restoring it would be costly. Greg Grimes/Wikimedia CommonsThe USS Oriskany, a World War II aircraft carrier, was turned into an artificial reef off the coast of Pensacola in 2006.This left only two options: scrap the vessel or repurpose it. Okaloosa County opted for the latter. According to a website devoted to the project, the county expects to bring in significant tourist revenue from the presence of the ship. Additionally, there are plans to construct a museum devoted to its history. This plan has not been without controversy. Activist Erin Brockovich has called for further investigation of the ships components and a heightened effort to remove any potentially hazardous materials before the ocean liner is sunk. But despite setbacks, it seems that the SS United States is ready for its final destination at last.Dennis OBryan, one of the attorneys behind the TikTok account, told All Thats Interesting he had a personal connection to the ship. I was drawn to the vessel because my former employer and mentor, Leonard C. Jacques, a legendary lawyer in his own right as a Proctor in Admiralty served in the engine room as a wiper on the vessels record setting voyage across the Atlantic, he said via email.Aurora OBryan, another attorney at the practice, noted that their social media pages have received stories from those who have taken a voyage on the ship. On Instagram, said Aurora, someone said, I sailed in her from Marseille to New York in 1969. Steaming against the wind, it was almost impossible to stand upright on the deck. I saw her again in Philadelphia, its so sad to see her in this state.' People dont realize just how fast 38 knots can be! Aurora noted. Its incredible the vessel still holds the record.While the date of the sinking is yet to be determined, all 990 feet of the record-breaking vessel will soon be resting far beneath the surface off of Floridas Gulf Coast. @knightsofthesea The SS United States in Mobile, AL for prep work before being sunk in the sea. She is the fastest ocean liner ever built, holding the transatlantic crossing world record since 1952 (top speed 38 knots/44 mph). Once the epitome of luxury, she hosted royalty and Hollywood legends like Marilyn Monroe, John Wayne, Marlon Brando, & Grace Kelly to name a few. #maritime #merchantmarine #tugboat #seafarer #tuglife Spooky, quiet, scary atmosphere piano songs Skittlegirl Sound All Thats Interesting has reached out to @knightsofthesea via website contact form.After learning how the SS United States is set to become the worlds largest artificial reef, read about some of historys most famous sunken ships. Then, discover how an 18th-century shipwreck devolved into cannibalism.The post The SS <em>United States</em> Was Once The Fastest Ocean Liner. Its About To Become The Worlds Largest Artificial Reef appeared first on All That's Interesting.

Travelers to New Orleans are often impressed by just how many unique features the Big Easy has. Unfortunately, theyre also quickly made aware of how much natural disasters impact the city.After Hurricane Katrina ripped through New Orleans in August 2005, the city struggled to recover both financially and physically. The city has fewer people and jobs than it did in the year 2000, and many structures hit by the storm are still vacant to this day.One of the reasons why storms like Katrina are so devastating to the city is because of just how low the city really is. Now, a viral video is demonstrating what that means for residents.Is New Orleans Really This Low?Kristina Volgenau/Unsplash, @xchaunxzy/TikTokTikToker @xchaunxzy filmed a cruise ship from the streets of New Orleans. The bottom of the vessel is visible, showing the city is below sea level.In a video with more than 17 million views, TikTok user @xchaunxzy asks, Is New Orleans really that far below sea level?Her video then shows a cruise ship. Even though the TikToker is on the streets of the city, she can see the bottom of the vessel, showing that the city is significantly below sea level.Considering the bottom of this cruise ship, EVEN FROM A DISTANCE, is above us.. Id say so, she says, answering her own question.This is a real phenomenon. As explained by NASA, much of metropolitan New Orleans sits about 1.8 meters (or six feet) below sea level.This is because the area where the city lies effectively has a bowl shape, with the city itself situated between (and underneath) the Mississippi River and nearby Lake Pontchartrain. While much of the city was previously above sea level, man-made levees and drainage canals inspired development outward, pushing some of the city into swampy, lower-situated land.Making matters worse were the levees impact on natural sediment flows. Prior to the installation of the levees, a natural process of sediment deposits caused the area to remain relatively level. However, once the levees were installed, this process was halted. Consequently, the city began to sink.@lookatlolly/TikTokMany residents and travelers have noticed that large ships pass the city at what appears to be eye level.Today, New Orleans residents and visitors are continually reminded about just how low their city really is. Over the years, several similar videos have gone viral, showing large ships passing the city at what appears to be eye level.Is The City Still Sinking?In short, yes. According to one 2025 estimate, the city could be sinking by as much as one to two inches every year.While this may not sound like much, the impact of even minor decreases can be dramatic over time. As reported by the Guardian, a recent study claims that New Orleans has already passed a point of no return when it comes to protecting the city from both rising oceans and the sinking, eroding land that surrounds it.@racheldenae21/TikTokExperts have recommended that the city which, by some estimates, is sinking one to two inches every year begin relocation efforts.There are some moves being made to prevent this from happening.For example, billions of dollars have been spent strengthening the citys flood protection systems. That said, other efforts that could have mitigated some of the worst possible issues, such as the proposed Mid-Barataria Sediment Diversion, have been scrapped over cost concerns and other factors.For the time being, even with the citys levees, pumps, floodgates, and coastal restoration efforts, New Orleans may be past a point where it can be preserved in its current form. As such, some experts are recommending that relocation efforts begin, where the government implements a measured retreat from the most at-risk areas.Some may see this and begin planning a trip to New Orleans in order to see it before it disappears. Thankfully, the timeline is not so short that this is a practical concern. Dr. Torbjrn Trnqvist, a geology professor at Tulane University and lead author of the aforementioned study, says he has no plans to leave the city.Instead, Trnqvist and other researchers are hoping that this information serves as a call to action that something must be done to prevent the worst possibilities from occurring. @xchaunxzy Best place under the sea original sound X | question asker All Thats Interesting reached out to @xchaunxzy via email.To see how extreme weather can impact a city, learn about the devastating hurricane that nearly wiped out Galveston, Texas. For more peculiarly placed cities, check out Nan Madol an ancient city built on a coral reef.The post A Woman Walks Around New Orleans At Night. Then She Spots A Cruise Ship That Proves The City Is Far Below Sea Level appeared first on All That's Interesting.

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