U.S and Moroccan military forces take part in the 20th edition of the African Lion military exercise, in Tantan, south of Agadir, Morocco, on May 31, 2024. Mosa'ab Elshamy/AP PhotoTwo U.S. service members

Few rules in human history have shaped an entire people as deeply as Bushido, the moral and ethical guide that directed Japans samurai warriors for hundreds of years. Bushid was a samurai moral code covering samurai thinking, behavior, and way of life, with roots going back to the Kamakura period (1192 to 1333). The term Bushido became widely known around the world with the publication of Nitobe Inazs Bushido: The Soul of Japan in 1899. It outlined 7 key principles.Gi JusticeKorean woodblock print of The Sixth Patriarchs Dharma Jewel Platform Sutra (c. 1310), a key Zen text which contains the basic doctrines of Zen. Bibliothque Nationale de FranceJustice was the strongest value of Bushido. It was described as the ability to decide on a course of action based on reason. Basically, to die when dying was right and to fight when fighting was right. The principle required that a samurai acted with good morals and intentions in everything he did, no matter the personal cost. From as early as the 13th century, samurai behavior was strongly shaped by Zen Buddhism, which promoted mental focus, quick thinking, and the avoidance of doubt in everything, including justice.Yu CourageA samurai in his armor in the 1860s. Hand-colored photograph by Felice BeatoBushido drew a clear line between bravery (just fearless action) and courage (moral fortitude). Courage was only used to do what was right and just. The Bushido Code did not ask the samurai to feel no fear, it asked them to be courageous, for there was a difference between feeling fear and choosing to walk toward it without backing down. Courage was not wild aggression but a calm, controlled response to danger. As the Hagakure, one of the most respected texts written in the early 18th century, taught, the warrior always had to be ready to face things like death without fear.Jin BenevolenceBushid The Way of the Warrior. Written in Japanese kanjiBenevolence was one of the most highly valued Bushido principles. Samurai had both physical and legal power, yet rather than using that power without care, they were expected to show kindness, love, and understanding at all times. The qualities were not usually connected with the fighting nature of the samurai, yet showing the important balance between strength and mercy was deemed important. A samurai who gained power but lacked kindness was seen as incomplete.Rei PolitenessPoliteness according to the samurai code stood for grace and was one of the key aspects of Japanese culture. It meant the genuine recognition of the beliefs and feelings of other people. It was a clear recognition of human dignity that applied to every interaction. The samurai way of living played an important role in entrenching Japanese values and many well-known traditions, including bowing in respect. A true warrior was to be respected not only for his strength in battle, but also for the way he lived and respected other people.Makoto Honesty47 Ronin, Suicide Ritual, unknown artist, 1910. Source: Ukiyo-e.orgMakoto meant being genuine and trustworthy. Samurai were so careful in their dealings that they seldom wrote up or signed written agreements, which itself showed that their word was something no one ever dared to doubt. In a feudal society where written agreements were not always common, the samurais spoken word carried the full force of law, and lying was seen as one of the worst things a warrior could ever do. This value built trust among samurai on the battlefield, where loyalty and clear communication could mean the difference between winning and losing.Meiyo HonourThe sense of honor, a deep awareness of personal dignity and self-worth defined the samurai. He was raised to value the duties and privileges of his role, and the fear of shame was intense. The samurai idea of honour stood for dignity and worth, with Meiyo meaning honour. As such, a samurai, in the name of honour, could end his own life through the ritual of seppuku rather than live with shame.Ch LoyaltyDaimyo Hosokawa, by Utagawa Kunisada, 1859. Source: Ukiyo-e.orgLoyalty to a superior was the most defining value of the feudal era. Loyalty existed among all kinds of people, but only in the code of samurai warriors did loyalty rise to become the most important thing. The samurai, members of a powerful warrior class in feudal Japan, started out as local fighters before rising to power in the 12th century. From the very beginning, their strength rested on an unbreakable chain of loyalty running from the lowest foot soldier all the way up to the shogun. Bushido later taught that since people belonged to their lord, they should stay loyal to his rightful authority and always be ready to live and die for him.

Phoenix has a long history shaped by ancient civilizations, frontier expansion, and economic booms. The Hohokam built canals here over a thousand years ago, some of which still function today. In the late 1800s, the city of Phoenix grew around agriculture, railroads, and industry, leaving behind landmarks like the 1895 Rosson House and the ruins at Pueblo Grande. But the regions history isnt confined to the city limits. A short drive in any direction leads to towns where Arizonas past is still visible, with old mining camps, territorial-era buildings, and remnants of early settlements that shaped the states identity. Here are ten must-visit historic towns near Phoenix, Arizona.1. Wickenburg (53 Miles Northwest of Phoenix)Former Santa Fe station in Wickenburg, Arizona. Source: Wikimedia CommonsIn 1863, Henry Wickenburg, a German prospector, struck gold (literally) with the discovery of the Vulture Mine, leading to the establishment of Wickenburg. Today, with a population of approximately 7,920, this town offers a glimpse into Arizonas mining history.The Desert Caballeros Western Museum showcases Native American artifacts and Western art, providing insights into the regions cultural heritage. Exploring the remnants of the Vulture Mine connects visitors to the towns origins. A stroll through the historic downtown reveals preserved architecture and quaint shops, evoking a bygone era.Before Wickenburg had a brick-and-mortar jail, it used a 200-year-old Mesquite tree. From 1863 to 1890, outlaws were chained to the tree while waiting for the sheriff to arrive from Phoenix, with reportedly zero escapes.2. Florence (61 Miles Southeast of Phoenix)Second Pinal County Courthouse, Florence, Arizona. Source: Wikimedia CommonsEstablished in 1866, Florence stands as one of Arizonas oldest towns, now home to approximately 24,795 residents. Situated about 61 miles southeast of Phoenix, the town boasts a historic district with over 25 buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places.The 1891 Pinal County Courthouse, now a museum, offers insights into the regions legal and social history. The McFarland State Historic Park provides a glimpse into territorial Arizona, housing artifacts and exhibits that chronicle the towns evolution. Walking through Florences tree-lined streets, visitors can admire adobe structures and Victorian-style homes, each echoing stories from the past.Florence is home to nine different corrections facilities (federal, state, and private), and the prisoner population sometimes outnumbers the locals.3. Globe (87 Miles East of Phoenix)View on Broad Street, Globe, Arizona. Source: Wikimedia CommonsFounded in 1876 as a mining camp following the discovery of silver, Globe has a population of approximately 7,500. Its located about 87 miles east of Phoenix.The Gila County Historical Museum, housed in a former train depot, offers exhibits that delve into the areas mining past and Native American history. Besh-Ba-Gowah Archaeological Park provides a window into the Salado culture, with reconstructed ruins and artifacts dating back to the 13th century. Visitors can wander through the ancient dwellings, gaining insights into the lives of the regions earliest inhabitants.Globe was named after a massive silver nugget, a boulder of nearly pure silver nine inches in diameter, found in 1875. It was globe-shaped, with ridges that looked like continents.4. Jerome (100 Miles North of Phoenix)Downtown Jerome with a hotel, Arizona. Source: Wikimedia CommonsPerched on Cleopatra Hill, Jerome was founded in 1876 and quickly became a booming copper mining town, earning the nickname the Wickedest Town in the West. Today, with a population of approximately 450, it is a vibrant artist community, while also being considered the largest Ghost Town in America. The Jerome State Historic Park, located in the former Douglas Mansion, offers exhibits on the towns mining history and the families who shaped its destiny.The Mine Museum provides a closer look at the tools and tales of the miners who once labored here. As you meander through the narrow streets, the sliding jail, a structure that moved downhill due to the unstable ground from mining activities, serves as a stark reminder of the towns tumultuous past. Jerome is located about 100 miles north of Phoenix.Built on a 30-degree slope on top of miles of tunnels, Jerome is literally sliding down the mountain due to unstable ground. The town jail has already slid 225 feet down the hill from its original foundation.5. Camp Verde (93 Miles North of Phoenix)Montezuma Castle National Monument, Camp Verde, Arizona. Source: FlickrEstablished in 1865, Camp Verdes history is deeply intertwined with the military and Native American relations. The town has a population of approximately 11,000 and is located about 93 miles north of Phoenix. The towns most prominent historic site is Fort Verde State Historic Park, which served as a base for General Crooks U.S. Army scouts and soldiers in the late 19th century.Today, the forts well-preserved buildings offer a glimpse into frontier military life, with exhibits showcasing artifacts, uniforms, and personal stories from the era. The nearby Montezuma Castle National Monument, one of the must-see archaeological sites in the US, a stunning five-story cliff dwelling, provides insights into the ingenuity of the Sinagua people who inhabited the region over 600 years ago. Visitors can marvel at the architectural prowess required to build such a structure high in the limestone cliffs.Camp Verde was home to the famous Buffalo Soldiers, African American regiments during the Indian Wars.6. Casa Grande (48 Miles Southeast of Phoenix)Casa Grande Ruins, Casa Grande, Arizona. Source: Wikimedia CommonsNamed after the Big House ruins of the ancient Hohokam civilization, Casa Grande was founded in 1879 as a stop on the Southern Pacific Railroad. Today, it has a population of approximately 55,000 and is located about 48 miles southeast of Phoenix. The towns namesake, the Casa Grande Ruins National Monument, is one of the nations oldest prehistoric structures, believed to have been constructed around AD 1350. This four-story edifice offers a window into the life and ingenuity of the Hohokam people, with guided tours providing context to the sites significance.The town itself blossomed with the arrival of the railroad, serving as a vital hub for agriculture and trade. The Casa Grande Valley Historical Society Museum chronicles this evolution, housing exhibits that range from Native American artifacts to displays on the towns railroad heritage. Strolling through the historic downtown, visitors can admire early-20th-century architecture, reflecting the towns growth and prosperity during that era.During World War II, Casa Grande was home to Camp Casa Grande, a prisoner-of-war camp that held thousands of German soldiers. They were put to work in local cotton fields.7. Cave Creek (33 Miles North of Phoenix)The Dome in the Desert, Cave Creek, Arizona. Source: Wikimedia CommonsEstablished in 1870 by soldiers from Fort McDowell, Cave Creeks origins are deeply rooted in Arizonas frontier past. The towns name derives from a prominent cave along the creek that provided shelter to Native Americans and early settlers alike.Cave Creek Museum is a must-visit location, housing artifacts that chronicle the areas rich history, from Native American relics to exhibits on the towns mining and ranching heritage. Dont miss the outdoor exhibits, including the Golden Reef Stamp Mill and the first church of Cave Creek. For a glimpse into ancient civilizations, the nearby Sears Kay Ruins offer remnants of a Hohokam village dating back to AD 700. The town is located just 33 miles north of Phoenix.Stephanie Meyer, the author of the Twilight Saga, lived in Cave Creek for several years and wrote much of the famous vampire saga while residing there.8. Gila Bend (70 Miles Southwest of Phoenix)Two Tyrannosaurus metal-art sculptures face off outside Holts gas station and gift shop in Gila Bend, Arizona. Source: PicrylGila Bend, a town of approximately 1,900 residents, is located about 70 miles southwest of Phoenix. It derives its name from a significant 90-degree bend in the Gila River, a feature that has made it a notable landmark for centuries.Historically, Gila Bend has been a crossroads for various cultures and travelers. The area was re-established in 1774 by Juan Bautista de Anza and Father Francisco Garcs, who named it Santos Apstoles San Simn y Judas. In 1865, a colony of settlers established a community at the site, which later became known as Gila Bend.One of the towns most intriguing attractions is the Painted Rock Petroglyph Site, where you can view hundreds of ancient petroglyphs etched into basalt boulders by indigenous peoples centuries ago. Additionally, the Gila Bend Museum offers insights into the towns rich history, including its role as a stopover for travelers and its connections to the Anza expedition.In 1963, Al Stovall built the Best Western Space Age Lodge here to capture the excitement of the Space Race, with a giant plastic flying saucer on the roof and lunar murals.9. Guadalupe (11 Miles Southeast of Phoenix)Church in Guadalupe, Arizona. Source: Wikimedia CommonsNestled just 11 miles southeast of Phoenix, Guadalupe was founded around 1900 by the Pascua Yaqui Indians fleeing persecution in Mexico. Since then, the town has maintained a strong cultural and ethnic identity. The towns motto, where three cultures flourish, reflects its blend of Yaqui, Mexican, and American influences.One of the towns most significant landmarks is the Our Lady of Guadalupe Church. It is a spiritual and community hub that stands as a testament to the residents enduring faith and traditions.Another significant landmark is the Guadalupe Cemetery, established in 1904. This sacred site serves as a resting place for generations of Yaqui and Mexican families. The cemetery is adorned with vibrant murals and personalized tributes, reflecting the communitys deep-rooted traditions and reverence for ancestors. Visiting during Da de los Muertos (Day of the Dead) provides insight into the towns rich cultural practices, as families gather to honor their departed loved ones.Guadalupe is just one square mile and is completely landlocked. After years of fighting, the town incorporated in 1975 to avoid being annexed by its neighbors.10. Tombstone (180 Miles Southeast of Phoenix)Tombstone Historic District, Tombstone, Arizona. Source: Wikimedia CommonsTombstone was established in 1879 by prospector Ed Schieffelin. It rapidly transformed from a modest mining camp into one of the Wests most notorious boomtowns. Schieffelins discovery of silver led to a population surge, with the town boasting over 7,000 residents by 1881. Tombstones meteoric rise was marked by its rich silver mines, which attracted a diverse array of settlers, entrepreneurs, and outlaws.A pivotal moment in Tombstones history occurred on October 26, 1881, the infamous Gunfight at the O.K. Corral. This 30-second skirmish involved lawmen Wyatt Earp, his brothers Virgil and Morgan, and Doc Holliday confronting members of the Cochise County Cowboys, including Ike and Billy Clanton and the McLaury brothers. The confrontation left three cowboys dead and became emblematic of the Wild Wests lawlessness.The Oriental Saloon building, Tombstone Historic District, Tombstone, Arizona. Source: Wikimedia CommonsToday, visitors can immerse themselves in this storied past by exploring several well-preserved historic sites. The O.K. Corral offers reenactments of the legendary gunfight and tours of the original site where history unfolded. The Bird Cage Theatre, once a raucous saloon and brothel, operated continuously from 1881 to 1889, hosting gambling, entertainment, and other vices. Notably, it was the site of the longest-running poker game in history, which lasted eight years.The Tombstone Courthouse State Historic Park, an 1882 Victorian-era courthouse, now serves as a museum. Boothill Graveyard is the final resting place for many of Tombstones early residents. The epitaphs provide a poignant and sometimes humorous glimpse into the towns turbulent past. Strolling down Allen Street, youll encounter preserved saloons, shops, and theaters that transport you back to the 1880s.On a lighter note, Tombstone is home to one of the oldest municipal swimming pools in the United States, built in 1881 to give miners a place to wash off the silver dust and cool down. It is still in use today.

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