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Giulia Tofana was a 17th-century professional poisoner who sold her signature concoction to wives that wanted to kill their husbands.Once she was caught, Tofana guessed that she was responsible for having provided the poison in 600 deaths which, in a way, made her one of the most prolific assassins in history. She even purportedly managed to synthesize her own tasteless and untraceable poison that she packaged covertly in a makeup bottle.Her secret reign of terror lasted nearly 20 years by some estimates and ended when she was turned in by a guilty party.The Underworld For Solving Marital Discontent In 17th-Century RomeUniversal History Archive/Universal Images Group via Getty ImagesThis 18th-century illustration depicts a young wife murdering her old husband with poison so that she may marry her younger lover.In many ways, Giulia Tofanas sinister business was simply a product of the times. In 17th-century Italy, women were auctioned off to loveless and often abusive marriages. These women had no financial or social power and really only had three options at their disposal: to get married, to stay single and rely on sex work to survive, or to become a respected and well-off widow (which itself required option one). For many women, the third option was the most attractive. Luckily for them, 17th-century Rome had a flourishing criminal magical underworld that provided the services to make this possible.This underground community was found in other large European cities and was made up of alchemists, apothecaries, and experts in black magic. In reality, these experts didnt so much as dabble in the dark arts as they did solve problems that doctors or priests of the time could or would not, like provide abortions.Even in Versailles, between 1677 and 1682, King Louis XIV faced a series of murders by poisoning at his court in a scandal called the Affair of the Poisons. The Affair would end with the expulsion of his powerful royal social companion, named Madame de Montespan, and the execution of a powerful potion maker named Madame Monvoisin.This would follow on the heels of Tofanas own macabre demise. Giulia Tofanas Covert BusinessWhile not much is known about Giulia Tofanas background, it is believed that she was born around 1620 in Palermo, Sicily, to Thofania dAmado. DAmado had her own dark history and, in 1633, was executed for the murder of her husband. Her alleged weapon of choice? Poison. Giulia Tofana also became a widow and moved with her daughter, Girolama Spara, to Naples and then Rome. Following in her mothers footsteps, and maybe even using her recipe, Tofana allegedly began selling a lethal concoction of her own. With the help of her daughter and a group of reliable women, Tofana gained a reputation as a friend to troubled women. Her group of poisoners may have also recruited a local Roman priest, Father Girolamo, to secretly take part in their criminal network, but again, information is spotty on Tofanas actual business. It is generally believed that Girolamo supplied the arsenic for the poison and Tofana and her colleagues disguised it as a cosmetic for their customers. If anyone were to ask about Tofanas booming business, all she had to do was show them her bottles of Aqua Tofana, a covetable face cream or oil for women looking to be single again.The Subtle Yet Lethal Poison, Aqua TofanaPierre Mjanel and Franois Pannemaker/Wikimedia CommonsGiulia Tofana disguised her poison as a cosmetic by packaging it in a small glass bottle with an image of Saint Nicholas on the front.Guilia Tofana packaged her poison so that it could easily blend in on a womans vanity beside her makeup, lotions, and perfumes. Although it was known to her customers as Aqua Tofana, the glass bottle itself was labeled Manna of St Nicholas of Bari, which was actually a popular healing oil at the time for blemishes.Despite its subtlety, Aqua Tofana was powerfully lethal. The colorless and tasteless concoction could kill a man with just four to six drops. But the real genius behind the poison was how undetectable it was even after death. It would kill a victim over days, mimicking a disease.Administered through some kind of liquid, the first doses induced weakness and exhaustion. The second dose caused symptoms such as stomach aches, extreme thirst, vomiting, and dysentery. The gradual decline, however, would give the victim the chance to get his affairs in order, which usually meant ensuring that his soon-to-be-widow would be well taken care of after his death.Finally, with a third or fourth dose administered over the next several days, the man would meet his fate.Franz Eugen Khler/Wikimedia CommonsBelladonna, an alleged ingredient in Aqua Tofana that was also used in other cosmetics of the time. As Chamberss Journal wrote in 1890 of the poison: To save her fair fame, the wife would demand a post-mortem examination. Result, nothing except that the woman was able to pose as a slandered innocent, and then it would be remembered that her husband died without either pain, inflammation, fever, or spasms. If, after this, the woman within a year or two formed a new connection, nobody could blame her.According to most accounts, Giulia Tofanas business successfully fooled the authorities for decades. Tofana may even have gone undiscovered forever had it not been for a bowl of soup.The Discovery, Execution, and Lasting Legacy of Giulia TofanaGiovanni Vasi/Wikimedia CommonsCampo de Fiori in Rome where Giulia Tofana, her daughter, and three of her helpers, were executed.As the story goes, in 1650, a woman served her husband a bowl of soup laced with a drop of Aqua Tofana. Before her husband could take a spoonful, however, the woman had a change of heart and begged him not to eat it. This raised the mans suspicions and he abused his wife until she confessed to poisoning the food. He immediately turned the woman in and upon more torture by authorities, she admitted that she had purchased Aqua Tofana from Giulia Tofana.With the authorities searching for her, Tofana escaped to a local church where she was granted sanctuary. That is until a rumor was spread that she had used her Aqua Tofana to poison the local water supply. The church was quickly stormed and Tofana was arrested. After brutal torture, Giulia Tofana confessed to killing as many as 600 men with the use and sale of her poison between the years of 1633 and 1651 alone, making her the mastermind behind one of the most notorious murder plots in history. Then, as the legend concludes, Tofana was executed in Campo de Fiori in Rome in 1659 alongside her daughter and three of her helpers. Additionally, over 40 of Tofanas lower-class customers were also executed while women of the upper class were either imprisoned or escaped punishment altogether by insisting that they never knew their cosmetics were actually poison.Some accounts, however, assert that Tofanas reign of terror lasted far longer than this and that she was captured, tortured, and executed in 1709.Some also believe that her concoction was even involved in the death of a legend when, over a century later, famous composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart fell ill at the age of 35. As his health deteriorated, he allegedly said:I feel definitely that I will not last much longer; I am sure that I have been poisoned. I cannot rid myself of this idea Someone has given me acqua tofana and calculated the precise time of my death.While it is still not known what exactly led to Mozarts untimely demise, some believed it was perhaps because of Aqua Tofana. However, it is largely believed that he did not die of poisoning, let alone from Tofanas mixture.This would be hard to corroborate anyway, as Giulia Tofanas exact recipe was never recorded. It is believed that she used a mixture of arsenic, lead, and belladonna, which was commonly used in cosmetics throughout the 17th century. Because of this, belladonna has become synonymous with the term beautiful woman, though its more accurate nickname is deadly nightshade, a fitting moniker for the tools of a femme fatale.Now that youve learned about notorious serial poisoner Giulia Tofana, read about Graham Young, the so-called Teacup Poisoner who also used belladonna to his advantage. Then, check out 23 of historys most ruthless female serial killers, from Karla Homolka to Mary Bell.The post Meet Giulia Tofana, The 17th-Century Professional Poisoner Said To Have Killed 600 Men appeared first on All That's Interesting.

When the Vikings sailed to Vinland present-day Newfoundland over 1,000 years ago, they had multiple women in their midst. One of them, Freyds Eirksdttir, carved her name into Norse legend during the expedition. But not all sagas portray Freyds in the same light.The sister of Leif Erikson, Freyds appears in two sagas, Eirik the Reds Saga and The Saga of the Greenlanders. Though the bones of both Icelandic sagas are more or less the same, the first saga describes Freyds in glowing terms while the other cast her as bloodthirsty, cunning, and cruel.NetflixFreydis Eiriksdottir is described in two Norse sagas, though its unclear if she actually existed.This is the murky legend of Freyds Eirksdttir, the Viking shield maiden portrayed on Netflixs Vikings: Valhalla.Freyds Eirksdttir In Norse LegendsAll that is known about Freyds Eirksdttir is based on Norse legends,which means that its not 100 percent clear if she truly existed. But Icelandic sagas do seem to establish some facts about her life.Legend states that Freyds took part on the Viking expedition to Vinland. Since that expedition happened around 1000 C.E., Freyds was likely born around 970 C.E.She was the daughter of Viking Erik the Red, and the half-sister of the famous Leif Erikson. However, Erikson was the son of Eirik and his wife, whereas Freyds was the daughter of Eirik and an unknown woman. As Eiriks illegitimate daughter, she lacked Eriksons prestige.Fine Art Images/Heritage Images/Getty ImagesLeif Erikson depicted discovering North America circa 1000 C.E.Despite her lower status, Freyds allegedly accompanied the Viking expedition to Vinland, where she settled with the others. The group may have established a community at LAnse aux Meadows in Newfoundland some 500 years before Columbus reached North America, as archaeologists have found traces of traditionally female tools like spindles there.But what exactly happened in Vinland is unclear. Two Viking legends The Saga of the Greenlanders and Eirik the Reds Saga portray Freyds Eirksdttirs actions at the settlement in completely different ways.The Saga of the GreenlandersLikely written in the 13th or 14th centuries, The Saga of the Greenlanders describes the Vikings expedition to Vinland circa 1000 C.E. and depicts Freyds Eirksdttir as a mercurial murderess. In the saga, Freyds is presented as a very haughty woman who married her husband chiefly on account of his money. As the Viking Herald explains, her desire for riches led her to join her brothers, Helgi and Finnbogi, on the expedition to Vinland. But Freyds had a trick up her sleeve.Freyds, Helgi, and Finnbogi agreed to each take 30 fighting men to Vinland. But Freyds, determined to profit more from the journey than her brothers, secretly added five extra warriors to her ship. Public DomainA depiction of a Viking voyage taking place circa 1000 C.E., when the Vikings reached Vinland.Once they arrived in Vinland, Freydss greed quickly caused problems between her and her brothers, who believed they would share profits equally. Helgi told her: In malice are we brothers easily excelled by thee.But Freyds Eirksdttir didnt stop there. As the The Saga of the Greenlanders recounts, she pretended to make peace with Finnbogi by asking him for his large ship so that she could go from hence. Then, she went home and told her husband that her brothers had beaten her. [T]hey beat me, and used me shamefully, Freyds claimed according to the saga. Then, she asked her husband to avenge her, threatening: I will separate from thee if thou avengest not this.In response, Freydss husband slaughtered her brothers and their men. But he hesitated before killing any women. So, Freyds demanded an ax. So was done, the saga recounts, upon which she killed the five women that were there, and did not stop until they were all dead.Though Freyds Eirksdttir allegedly tried to conceal what she had done once she and her people returned home, word soon reached her brother, Leif Erikson. The revelation ruined Freydss reputation and that she spent the rest of her life as an outcast. According to the Viking Herald, some historians believe this portrayal of Freyds may be Christian propaganda painting her as a ruthless, conniving killer who wouldnt conform to Christian values.But thats not the same story told in Eirik the Reds Saga.Freyds Eirksdttir In Eirik the Reds SagaTwitterA statue of Freydis Eiriksdottir in Reykjavik, Iceland.Eirik the Reds Saga is thought to have been written in the 13th century, though Viking Herald reports that it was written after The Saga of the Greenlanders. In this Norse legend, Freyds Eirksdttir is portrayed in a more sympathetic light. Like in The Saga of the Greenlanders, Freyds is described as part of the Viking expedition to Vinland. There, she and the others made contact with skrlings (Indigenous people) and that their early peace overtures soon devolved into outright violence. When Freyds was eight months pregnant, skrlings attacked their camp, causing many of the men to run away in fear.Why run you away from such worthless creatures, stout men that ye are, when, as seems to me likely, you might slaughter them like so many cattle? Freyds cried. Let me but have a weapon, I think I could fight better than any of you.Freyds tried to flee with the others but soon lagged behind. When she came across a dead man from their company, she grabbed his sword and turned to face the oncoming skrlings. As they approached, Freyds beat her naked breast with the sword frightening the skrlings, who fled.In this version, Freyds is presented completely differently. Instead of using her femininity to provoke her husband into slaughtering her brothers, Freyds is the epitome of feminine bravery. But in recent years, a third saga of Freyds Eirksdttir has emerged. In Netflixs Vikings: Valhalla, she is yet again depicted in a different way.Freyds Eirksdttir In Vikings: ValhallaNetflixSwedish model and actress Frida Gustavsson as Freydis Eiriksdottir in Netflixs Vikings: Valhalla.The Freyds Eirksdttir character depicted in Netflixs Vikings: Valhalla (played by actress Frida Gustavsson) bears little resemblance to the woman from Viking lore. In the show, Freyds doesnt go to Vinland at all.Instead, hers is a story of vengeance. The Freyds of the show takes revenge on a Christian Viking who raped her. Because of this her brother, Leif, is sent to fight for the King of the Danes.Freyds soon becomes a Viking shield maiden who defends the city of Kattegat, even beheading an enemy in the season finale.Though Netflixs narrative is quite from Freyds Eirksdttirs depiction in Norse legend, there are some similarities. In all three sagas, Freyds is Leif Eriksons sister, and a fierce and determined warrior in her own right.At the end of the day, its unknown if she existed at all. But something about the Freyds Eirksdttir legend has remained alluring for over 1,000 years, from the Norse sagas to Netflix.After reading about Freyds Eirksdttir, discover something new with these 32 fascinating facts about the Vikings. Or, go inside the surprising truth about Viking helmets, which likely didnt have horns despite their ubiquitous portrayal in popular culture.The post The Complicated Story Of Freyds Eirksdttir, The Legendary Viking Sister Of Leif Erikson appeared first on All That's Interesting.