Wounded Knee Revisited: A Native Elder Shares What Really Happened - History Collection

2. Rising Tensions with the U.S. Government

As settlers pushed westward, promises made to the Lakota were repeatedly broken. Treaties meant to protect their lands were ignored or altered by the U.S. government, fueling deep mistrust. Policies like forced relocation and ration cuts eroded Native autonomy and disrupted daily life. These betrayals weren’t just political—they threatened survival and cultural traditions. By the late 1800s, tension simmered on the plains, setting the stage for the tragic events soon to unfold at Wounded Knee.

3. The Ghost Dance Movement

The Ghost Dance was a spiritual movement that swept through Lakota communities, offering hope during a time of despair. Elders taught that through dance and prayer, the world could be renewed and ancestors reunited. For many, it was a source of unity and strength. However, non-Native authorities misunderstood its purpose, viewing it as a threat rather than a prayer for peace. Their fear and suspicion only heightened tensions, bringing the conflict closer to a breaking point.

4. The Arrival of the Seventh Cavalry

In December 1890, the Seventh Cavalry encamped at Wounded Knee, claiming to restore order. Military records describe a mission of control and disarmament. Yet, Lakota oral histories paint a different picture—one of fear and intimidation, as families watched soldiers surround their camp. For the elders, this was not protection, but a prelude to violence. These conflicting accounts reveal the deep divide in understanding what was truly unfolding on that cold prairie.

5. The Morning of December 29, 1890

Elders recall a tense and uneasy dawn at Wounded Knee. Families gathered near their tipis, uncertain but hoping for peace. Children played quietly while adults watched the soldiers with wary eyes. Suddenly, confusion swept the camp—voices were raised, orders shouted, and fear took hold. Within moments, chaos erupted as gunfire cracked the morning stillness. Many survivors remember not just the violence, but the overwhelming sense of confusion and heartbreak that marked that fateful morning.

6. The Massacre Unfolds

When violence broke out, elders say panic and terror swept through the camp. Bullets tore through tipis, and families tried desperately to shield loved ones. Testimonies speak of acts of courage—parents sheltering children, elders guiding the frightened to safety. Official reports often downplay the chaos, but oral histories describe indiscriminate firing and the loss of innocent lives. Many Lakota remember the snow stained red and the cries for mercy, painting a far more human and tragic picture than the records suggest.

7. The Aftermath: Loss and Survival

In the silence that followed, survivors faced unimaginable grief. Elders remember families searching for loved ones among the fallen and hastily burying the dead in the frozen ground. Yet, even in the depths of sorrow, stories of resilience endure. Children who survived carried the memory forward, sharing tales of bravery and kinship. Through mourning songs and sacred ceremonies, the Lakota honored both the lost and the living, ensuring their voices would not be silenced by tragedy.

8. Distorted Narratives in History Books

For decades, mainstream history books have misrepresented Wounded Knee—often labeling it a “battle” rather than a massacre and minimizing the suffering of the Lakota people. Textbook accounts typically favor government perspectives, omitting the voices of those who lived through the horror. In contrast, Indigenous oral histories preserve details of loss, bravery, and injustice that official records overlook. The difference is stark: one narrative sanitizes the truth, while the other, passed down by elders, insists on remembrance and honesty.

9. Remembering the Children and Elders

Among the greatest losses at Wounded Knee were the children and elders—the heart of Lakota community. Their stories, too often overlooked, live on in songs and family memories. Elders remind us that healing begins with honoring these lives, not just as victims, but as cherished teachers and future leaders lost. Remembering their experiences is vital to both community resilience and the ongoing quest for justice and understanding.

10. The Legacy of Wounded Knee Today

Wounded Knee remains a powerful symbol in Native identity and activism. Its memory fuels movements for justice, truth, and healing across generations. Contemporary leaders and youth invoke the massacre in calls for recognition, apology, and meaningful change. From memorial walks to legal advocacy, the fight to honor those lost continues. The story of Wounded Knee lives on, urging society to confront hard truths and support Indigenous voices in shaping history’s future chapters.

11. Lessons from a Native Elder

A Lakota elder shares,

12. Calls for Truth and Reconciliation

Efforts toward truth and reconciliation continue, led by Native communities and allies. Advocates push for public recognition of the massacre, formal apologies, and changes in how history is taught. Official statements—like the U.S. Congress’s 1990 resolution expressing regret—are steps forward, but elders call for deeper, more meaningful action. Organizations work to preserve testimonies and educate future generations, ensuring the truth of Wounded Knee is finally honored and the path to healing remains open.

13. How to Honor the Memory of Wounded Knee