Following a 1974 Turkish invasion in response to a Greek-backed coup, Cyprus remains divided. The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus is recognized only by Turkey. UN peacekeepers maintain a buffer zone, and decades of negotiation have failed to reunite the island. (gov.cy)
Despite South Sudan’s 2011 independence, unresolved issues like border demarcation and resource sharing have led to ongoing clashes. Sporadic violence and disputes over oil-rich regions keep the conflict alive. For instance, in February 2026, a deadly drone strike by the Sudanese Armed Forces targeted the Heglig oil field, killing dozens, including South Sudanese soldiers and tribal leaders. (apnews.com) Additionally, in March 2025, clashes erupted in Nasir, South Sudan, between the South Sudan People’s Defence Forces and the Nuer White Army, resulting in significant casualties and displacement. These incidents underscore the persistent instability along the border, affecting regional security and economic development.
The Nagorno-Karabakh conflict is a protracted territorial dispute between Armenia and Azerbaijan over the Nagorno-Karabakh region, internationally recognized as part of Azerbaijan but predominantly populated by ethnic Armenians. In November 2020, a ceasefire agreement was brokered by Russia, leading to the withdrawal of Armenian forces from several territories and the deployment of Russian peacekeepers. However, this agreement did not constitute a comprehensive peace treaty, and hostilities have continued intermittently. Both nations consider the conflict active, contributing to ongoing instability in the South Caucasus (theguardian.com).
Since Spain’s withdrawal from Western Sahara in 1975, the region’s status remains unresolved. Morocco controls most of the territory, while the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic claims independence. Ceasefires and negotiations have failed to bring a lasting solution. For more information, refer to the BBC News article on the Western Sahara conflict (bbc.com).
The Chinese Civil War, which concluded in 1949, did not result in a formal peace treaty, leaving Taiwan under the governance of the Republic of China (ROC) and claimed by the People’s Republic of China (PRC). Taiwan continues to operate as a self-governing entity, while the PRC asserts its sovereignty over the island. This situation has led to ongoing tensions, including military posturing and diplomatic disputes, with no resolution in sight. For a comprehensive overview, refer to the Council on Foreign Relations’ backgrounder on China-Taiwan relations (cfr.org).
The 1962 Sino-Indian War concluded without a formal peace treaty, leaving regions like Aksai Chin and Arunachal Pradesh under dispute. Periodic stand-offs and skirmishes occur along the Line of Actual Control (LAC), with no comprehensive settlement in sight.
Despite unification in 1990, tensions between North and South Yemen have persisted. In 1994, these tensions erupted into a brief civil war, with northern forces capturing the southern capital, Aden. The conflict’s legacy continues to influence Yemen’s ongoing civil war, as separatist movements and unresolved grievances keep the specter of division alive (aljazeera.com).
Since 1991, Somalia has lacked a stable central government. Clans, warlords, and extremist groups continue fighting for control, with periodic foreign interventions and ongoing humanitarian crises. The chaos shows little sign of abating. In January 2023, a deadly battle occurred in Galcad, Somalia, between government forces and the al-Qaida-linked extremist group al-Shabab. Both sides reported significant casualties, with the Somali government claiming over 100 al-Shabab fighters were killed and seven of its soldiers, including a member of the elite U.S.-trained Danab brigade, also lost (apnews.com). In January 2025, Somalia regained complete control over its national human rights mandate after more than three decades of external oversight, following a decision by the United Nations Human Rights Council. (somaliatoday.com)
After a brutal war from 1998 to 2000, a peace treaty was signed in 2018, but border disputes and the Tigray conflict highlight continuing tensions. The foundational dispute remains deeply rooted, with periodic violence. In 2018, Ethiopia’s Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed announced full acceptance of the 2000 Algiers Agreement, leading to the restoration of diplomatic relations and the reopening of borders. (aljazeera.com) Despite these efforts, the Tigray conflict, which began in 2020, has involved Eritrean forces and has been marked by significant humanitarian concerns. In February 2026, tensions resurfaced as Ethiopian federal forces conducted drone strikes on Tigrayan positions and mobilized troops near the region, prompting calls for Eritrean troop withdrawal and an end to cooperation with Tigrayan rebels. These developments underscore the ongoing volatility in the region, with the foundational border dispute and the Tigray conflict continuing to fuel instability.
Since the 1990s, the breakaway regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia have remained occupied by Russian-backed forces. Despite international recognition of Georgian sovereignty over these territories, no consensus exists, and Georgia regards them as parts of its territory still under occupation. The situation remains unresolved, with periodic flare-ups of violence and ongoing diplomatic challenges.
Since 1992, the separatist region of Transnistria has functioned as a de facto state, despite no international recognition. Moldova considers it part of its sovereign territory, and negotiations remain inconclusive. The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) has been actively involved in facilitating dialogue and confidence-building measures between the two sides. For more information, refer to the OSCE’s overview of the Transdniestrian settlement process (osce.org).
Since World War II, Russia and Japan have never signed a formal peace treaty due to disagreements over the Kuril Islands’ ownership. The islands remain a diplomatic flashpoint between the two nations. In 2019, Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov stated that Russia’s sovereignty over the Kuril Islands was not open for discussion, emphasizing that the islands are part of Russian territory. In 2022, Russia suspended an agreement with Japan that allowed Japanese fishermen to operate near the disputed islands, citing Japan’s failure to fulfill financial obligations under the deal (aljazeera.com).
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